Documented Mavea (Espiritu Santo region) — ANLHE Historical Language Encyclopedia and Ninety-Lesson Study Guide

Research-based Pacific language history, grammar, original writing systems, cultural context and ninety structured specialist lessons. This entry distinguishes attested documents from conjectural or reconstructed old-language forms.

1. Language classification and source chronology

Mavea is an endangered Oceanic Austronesian language of Mavea Island near Espiritu Santo in northern Vanuatu. Historical and present speaker numbers must be tied to the particular survey year rather than treated as permanently current. Valérie Guérin published A Grammar of Mavea: An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu in 2011 through University of Hawaiʻi Press, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 39, 424 pages in the publisher listing. More than 1,400 language examples across fourteen chapters derive mainly from eleven months of fieldwork in 2005–2007. The 2011 account reports approximately 32 speakers at the time of its research; that number should not be used as a verified 2026 population estimate. Research years and publication dates do not indicate the earliest existence of the language, and figures recorded for speakers in historic sources should not be represented as today’s population.

2. Alphabet, original spellings and speech sounds

Mavea has Roman linguistic documentation, supplemented with careful phonetic transcription. Three linguolabial consonants were reported surviving in an individual speaker, in unexpected positions before /o/; the phonetic detail and speaker variation are significant and should be quoted only from the original grammar. Documentary Roman transcription is not proof of an older indigenous alphabet. For words and sentences reproduced from a primary text, spellings, vowel marks, phonological symbols and word division must be preserved as printed.

3. Lexical categories, morphosyntax and genuine examples

Guérin analyzes Mavea person marking, nominal and verbal morphology, syntactic patterns and numerals. Older traditional numerals were largely displaced by Bislama number words but remained remembered by some speakers in the 2005–2007 sample. It is incorrect to assign those traditional forms freely to every modern speaker. Source-based analysis of nouns, possession, verbal morphology, negation and discourse makes it possible to compare Oceanic relatives while preserving the target language’s distinct structures. Where no exact passage is cited, do not present generated example sentences as ancient evidence.

4. Historical and scholarly bibliography

Valérie Guérin, A Grammar of Mavea (University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2011), 424 pp., Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 39; >1,400 documented examples from 2005–2007 fieldwork.

These are dated bibliographic works and documented linguistic observations rather than invented historical-language utterances. Every directly quoted expression needs its original source, speech variety and page or corpus identifier.

5. Understanding and reading original language evidence

Locate an authentic field text, dictionary entry or grammar example; record the author, original edition, locality, research date and publication date. Preserve the form’s phonetic notation and distinguish transcription from translation. Segment and gloss only morphology actually documented by the author, and explain whether another scholar revised the interpretation.

6. Vanuatu community histories and cultural heritage

Island language traditions encompass kinship, farming, fishing, navigation, artistic storytelling and local education. Records by outside scholars include important knowledge shared by Indigenous participants, who should be acknowledged. Language contact with Bislama and adjacent Oceanic languages can shape speech, but should not obscure original lexical and grammatical distinctions.

7. Research standards and accuracy

Daakaka, Vurës, Mavea, Tamambo and Naman are distinct languages. Treat dialect and speaker-specific observations explicitly, especially in rare Mavea linguolabials and endangered Naman documentation. Modern research documents longstanding oral histories without establishing an ancient local writing system.

8. Ninety individually named language-learning research objectives

Below are nine modules of ten detailed, individually numbered syllabus topics. They are the curriculum and documentary reading framework, not a claim that ninety fully completed standalone video lectures or PDFs are already available.

Module 1: Island history and documentary chronology — Lessons 1–10

Apply these ten historical-linguistic objectives to the documented sources of Documented Mavea (Espiritu Santo region), with attention to exact spelling, local speaker variety and original publication chronology.

Lesson 1: Language family — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 2: Island homeland — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 3: Community language identity — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 4: Nearby languages — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 5: Indigenous speaker involvement — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 6: First verified publication — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 7: Original fieldwork context — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 8: Research author and editors — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 9: Written-source chronology — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 10: Difference between date and origin — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 2: Original orthography and phonology — Lessons 11–20

Lesson 11: Roman writing tradition — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 12: Consonantal categories — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 13: Vowel systems — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 14: Sound distinctions — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 15: Prosody and stress where applicable — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 16: Original language spelling — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 17: Word division and clitics — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 18: Linguistic diacritics — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 19: Sound versus letter — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 20: Careful source transcription — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 3: Attested vocabulary and lexical history — Lessons 21–30

Lesson 21: Indigenous autonyms — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 22: Village and island names — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 23: Kinship lexemes — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 24: Maritime terms — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 25: Plant and crop vocabulary — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 26: Local narratives — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 27: Lexical derivation — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 28: Bislama loans — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 29: Semantic change — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 30: Accurate original glossary — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 4: Pronouns and nominal structure — Lessons 31–40

Lesson 31: Independent pronouns — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 32: Exclusive versus inclusive — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 33: Dual and plural forms — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 34: Nominal articles — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 35: Possessive structures — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 36: Demonstratives — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 37: Quantification and numbers — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 38: Nominal modifiers — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 39: Word-class differences — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 40: Original noun phrase analysis — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 5: Predicates and clause construction — Lessons 41–50

Lesson 41: Verbal predication — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 42: Nonverbal predication — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 43: Tense and aspect — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 44: Person prefixation — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 45: Negation — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 46: Questions and commands — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 47: Serial verb patterns — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 48: Argument structure — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 49: Clause linking — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 50: Source-based interlinear gloss — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 6: Reading original grammar and transcripts — Lessons 51–60

Lesson 51: Printed title page — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 52: First edition versus reprint — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 53: Find original paragraph — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 54: Transcribe authentic example — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 55: Source phoneme notation — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 56: Segment attested morphemes — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 57: Compare translated gloss — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 58: Identify data collection date — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 59: Speaker and dialect note — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 60: Source criticism — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 7: Community traditions and cultural knowledge — Lessons 61–70

Lesson 61: Local family identities — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 62: Traditional horticulture — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 63: Inter-island travel — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 64: Oral histories — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 65: Local educational efforts — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 66: Historical mission materials — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 67: Contemporary language contact — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 68: Indigenous language teaching — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 69: Archive and recording ethics — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 70: Language maintenance — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 8: Comparative Oceanic studies — Lessons 71–80

Lesson 71: Academic family classification — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 72: Distinguish neighboring languages — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 73: Original scholar bibliography — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 74: Original versus later spelling — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 75: Inherited forms versus loans — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 76: Morphological reconstruction caveat — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 77: Field methods and sample sizes — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 78: Speaker-count date caveat — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 79: Endangered-language study ethics — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 80: Citation and verification — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

Module 9: Independent documentary language portfolio — Lessons 81–90

Lesson 81: Select original recorded example — Traditional numeral memory. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 82: Record repository link — Bislama influence. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 83: Identify edition and page — Mavea Island. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 84: Copy precise source spelling — Espiritu Santo proximity. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 85: Explain vowel and consonant — Guérin 2005–2007 fieldwork. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 86: Gloss documented noun form — 2011 academic grammar. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 87: Analyze source verb — Fourteen chapters. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 88: Contrast second scholarly source — Over 1400 examples. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 89: State uncertainties — Rare linguolabials. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.
Lesson 90: Annotated final research report — Vowels before o. Use an authentic original-language source or a named scholarly discussion to identify a specific documented fact. Produce an evidence-based grammatical, phonetic, lexical or historical research note and record uncertainty and source location.

9. Citable original reference

Consult the scholarly or institutional source for Documented Mavea (Espiritu Santo region). Verify all examples in original language material before quoting, and make editions, dialect differences and missing data clear.

10. Source-based final portfolio

Choose a genuine documented word, clause or source passage, transcribe the original precisely and explain its sounds, morphology, syntax and historical circumstances. Compare a second authoritative source when available, and record any disagreement or uncertainty. Return to the main ANLHE language directory.