Historical Written Nengone (Maré) — ANLHE Historical Language Encyclopedia and 90-Lesson Study Guide
A historical Kanak language profile documenting written sources, alphabet, grammar, authentic word forms, cultural heritage and ninety individually numbered source-reading objectives.
1. Language history, geography and written documentation
Nengone, also called pene nengone, is an Oceanic Austronesian Kanak language of Maré in the Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia, with written cultural texts and distinct traditions of lexicography. The Kanak Language Academy records Michel-Joseph Dubois’s multivolume Dictionnaire Maré–Français, Pene Nengone (1969), alongside his Mythes et Traditions de Maré (1975). Later pedagogical works include Cawa and Haewegene’s bilingual Toatiti texts (2000), and Cawa, Haewegene and Trabe’s Lexique nengone–français (2007). Current spelling proposals draw on language research associated with Jacques Haewegene in the 1980s; orthographic norms have been subject to revision. A book’s date is the date of documentation, not an origin date for the spoken language. Community varieties and author names should always be kept attached to historical records.
2. Original alphabets and pronunciation
The Academy lists a 26-letter basic alphabet and distinguishes five short and five long vowels plus 36 consonants in its phonological account. Examples documented by the Academy include tini ‘water’, ienu ‘coconut tree’ and ngen(e) ‘wave’. An e in parentheses is part of the displayed lexicon’s citation convention rather than a freely detachable part of every spoken form. Exact original spelling, long vowels and linguistic accents matter, and early mission or academic orthographies must be distinguished from contemporary Kanak community standards.
3. Historical vocabulary, morphology and syntax
The Academy illustrates aspect/predicative marking with ci: ci el(e) ‘to rain’ versus el(e) ‘rain’, and ci puul ‘to make a speech’ versus puul ‘speech’. This is a documented teaching distinction and should not be generalized to all verbs without checking an original text. Pronominal and possessive expressions require source-specific verification. Use the authentic Kanak Language Academy word examples and published text corpora where possible. Do not substitute a word or grammatical marker from another Kanak language, even where genealogical relationships are close.
4. Primary documentary and academic evidence
Kanak Language Academy, Nengone language page; Dubois (1969), Dictionnaire Maré–Français; Cawa and Haewegene (2000), Toatiti; Cawa, Haewegene and Trabe (2007), Lexique nengone–français.
The above citations identify real publications, academic texts and language resources. The literal source-language words in this entry are attributed to the official Kanak Language Academy language profiles. A direct historical quotation requires its original page or recording to establish its authentic form.
5. Method of source reading and transcription
Choose a dated dictionary, primary written text or academy oral corpus. Record the author’s original spelling convention and publication date. Transcribe precisely, identify vowel quantity and tone when the language requires it, and explain the source’s interlinear or bilingual gloss. Only then may a learner compare contemporary standard orthography with historical missionary notation.
6. Kanak society and local intellectual traditions
Language research engages place-based names, marine environments, gardening, kinship, oral legends, musical traditions and the work of community language academies. Earlier missionary literacy and modern Kanak-led revitalization form different but interrelated periods of documentary history. Respect each language’s distinct community and oral narratives.
7. Accuracy and historical interpretation
Drehu is associated with Lifou; Nengone with Maré; Paicî, Ajië and Xârâcùù with distinct Grande Terre regions. Vowel length and tone are critical where documented, and dictionary word forms should not be generalized into invented sentences. Every historical population figure and edition statement must retain its date.
8. Ninety individual source-based lessons
Nine modules contain ten named topics each. These are ninety curriculum and documentary research objectives, not ninety already produced independent PDF books, videos or narrated lessons.
Module 1: Origins, linguistic setting and evidence — Lessons 1–10
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 1: Language family affiliation — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 2: Historical homeland — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 3: Local villages and varieties — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 4: Community names — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 5: Early printed or archived text — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 6: Research author and local collaborators — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 7: Publication and survey chronology — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 8: Primary source language — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 9: Historical versus current status — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 10: Responsible source dating — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 2: Alphabet, vowels, consonants and tone — Lessons 11–20
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 11: Original alphabets — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 12: Grapheme-to-phoneme relations — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 13: Vowel inventory — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 14: Vowel length — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 15: Consonant clusters and digraphs — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 16: Nasal and labialized sound notation — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 17: Tone or accent if applicable — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 18: Historical orthographic systems — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 19: Phonological change — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 20: Precise documented spelling — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 3: Attested words and historical semantics — Lessons 21–30
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 21: Community language names — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 22: Geographic names — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 23: Family and kinship vocabulary — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 24: Food and crop terminology — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 25: Ocean and coastal words — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 26: Animals and environmental knowledge — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 27: Documented word pairs — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 28: Borrowings and source eras — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 29: Dictionary word-class analysis — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 30: Authentic mini lexicon — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 4: Pronouns, noun expressions and possession — Lessons 31–40
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 31: Person and number reference — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 32: Possessive phrases — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 33: Articles and markers — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 34: Nominal classifiers where attested — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 35: Demonstratives — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 36: Number expressions — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 37: Adjective and noun modifiers — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 38: Compound nouns — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 39: Noun phrase word order — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 40: Original nominal gloss — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 5: Verbs, predication and sentence analysis — Lessons 41–50
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 41: Verb categories — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 42: Predicative versus nominal readings — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 43: Aspect and tense where attested — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 44: Negative constructions — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 45: Questions and imperatives — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 46: Agreement or argument indexing — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 47: Transitivity and valency — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 48: Clause coordination — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 49: Discourse-sensitive syntax — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 50: Attested sentence structure — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 6: Reading original books and oral corpora — Lessons 51–60
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 51: Locate historical first edition — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 52: Record page and chapter — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 53: Distinguish edition years — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 54: Copy a real dictionary entry — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 55: Check local text corpus — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 56: Mark original phonetic diacritics — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 57: Review interlinear glossing — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 58: Check translation against lexicon — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 59: Compare editorial alternatives — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 60: Report uncertainty — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 7: Kanak knowledge, oral texts and culture — Lessons 61–70
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 61: Traditional family relations — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 62: Landscape and place identity — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 63: Cultural navigation and fishing — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 64: Oral tale literature — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 65: Local songs and verbal art — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 66: Food-growing techniques — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 67: Indigenous scholar contributions — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 68: Church and school literacy — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 69: Regional revitalization programs — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 70: Cultural ethics — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 8: Comparative Oceanic methodology — Lessons 71–80
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 71: Distinguish neighboring Kanak languages — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 72: Genealogical subgrouping — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 73: Sound comparison and borrowing — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 74: Vowel-length evidence — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 75: Tone where relevant — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 76: Published dictionary reliability — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 77: Dialect and written-source variation — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 78: Change of spelling norm — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 79: Dated population evidence — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 80: Scholarly citation practice — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 9: Annotated research portfolio — Lessons 81–90
Study this topic within Historical Written Nengone (Maré) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 81: Choose precise source text — tini water. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 82: Identify original speaker or author — ienu coconut tree. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 83: Record original page — Maré Loyalty Island. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 84: Transcribe faithfully — Pene Nengone name. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 85: Explain an attested word — Dubois 1969 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 86: Analyze one nominal form — Dubois 1975 tradition. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 87: Analyze one verbal construction — 1980s Haewegene orthography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 88: Check comparative claim — 2000 bilingual texts. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 89: Document uncertainties — 2007 community lexicon. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 90: Publish annotated reading portfolio — ci predicative marker. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
9. Verifiable institutional bibliography
Read the Kanak Language Academy’s original language profile for Historical Written Nengone (Maré). The profile provides documented words, historical authors, orthographic conventions and references for further original-source investigation.
10. Annotated historical-language project
Choose one genuine text, academy lexeme or historical dictionary item. Record its exact spelling, translation and source, analyze the relevant sound or morphosyntactic feature, and compare a later reference while reporting date, dialect and transcription uncertainties. Return to ANLHE historical-language index.