Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné) — ANLHE Historical Language Encyclopedia and 90-Lesson Guide
Historically sourced Kanak language research covering original documents, sound systems, grammar, lexicon, oral culture and ninety study objectives.
1. Identity, classification, historical geography and documents
Vamale is an endangered northern New Caledonian Oceanic language in the Voh–Koné dialect region of Grande Terre. Its communities share historical and geographical connections with Bwatoo, Haeke, Haveke, Hmwaeke and Hmwaveke but the forms of those varieties should not be conflated. Jean Rohleder published A Grammar of Vamale on 8 November 2024 with Language Science Press, Comprehensive Grammar Library 9, 364 pages, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.12606066. The study grew from a doctoral dissertation and eleven months of ELDP-funded fieldwork, incorporating elicitation, interviews, ceremonial speeches and recorded conversations. The ELAR archive contains recordings, a dictionary and a searchable FLEx database. The book includes three glossed text pieces: oral history relating to the 1917 colonial war, a traditional fable and a modern retelling of a legend. Around 180 speakers were reported within the research period, not measured as a current census. A dated grammar, dictionary or census is evidence about documentation and must not be mistaken for a language’s origin or today’s population count.
2. Writing, alphabet and authentic sounds
Rohleder documents Vamale original source phonology and transcription in the 2024 grammar, allowing study of individual consonant and vowel systems without inventing native words. Earlier word lists from 1940s regional work may reflect different Voh–Koné varieties. Original sound and morphological notation must be kept source-specific. Modern phonological transcription does not establish a separate ancient writing system. Where source evidence does not support precise phoneme counts, no phonological table is invented.
3. Grammatical structure and attested linguistic features
The 2024 grammar places emphasis on syntax, person and argument expression, transitivity, clause organization and Oceanic comparison. The published FLEx corpus and attached archived recordings provide opportunities to verify an utterance against original speaker context. The language’s grammar cannot be replaced by a reconstructed common Voh-Koné paradigm. Analyze lexical expressions, pronouns, nouns and sentence syntax with original text and source-linked speech community context. Comparative similarities between northern Kanak languages never justify copying an unverified word or clause into another language.
4. Academic documentary sources
Jean Rohleder, A Grammar of Vamale (Berlin: Language Science Press, 2024), Comprehensive Grammar Library 9, 364 pp.; DOI 10.5281/zenodo.12606066; ELAR original audio and lexical documentation.
These records identify real bibliographic sources or official language-profile evidence, not reconstructed historical example sentences. Any direct original-language quotation must be checked against a page, recorded utterance or verified institutional corpus item.
5. How to read an original-language witness
Select an original grammar example, archived interview, dated dictionary entry or community narrative. Record edition, region and speaker if supplied. Preserve source graphemes and exact word boundaries, compare the published gloss with context, identify the morphemes supported by original analysis and distinguish the author’s grammatical interpretation from the actual recorded utterance.
6. Culture, social histories and living heritage
Northern Grande Terre communities preserve and transmit intellectual traditions through settlement stories, agriculture, marine and forest knowledge, naming and kinship, customary oratory and language teaching. Historical and modern sociolinguistic records may differ. Indigenous original contributors deserve recognition in citations and documentary histories.
7. Cautions, limitations and comparative evidence
Caac, Yuanga, Pwaamei, Pwapwâ and Vamale are five separately documented languages or named language varieties. The public academic bibliography is extensive for Caac and Vamale but more limited for Pwaamei and Pwapwâ. Speaker counts and putative language features must remain tied to particular editions, dates and varieties.
8. Ninety individually named source-based research lessons
The nine units below contain ten distinct numbered learning and documentary research objectives each. They are a ninety-lesson syllabus, not ninety completed PDF workbooks or ninety ready-to-watch videos.
Module 1: Community chronology and language classification — Lessons 1–10
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 1: Local community and geography — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 2: Oceanic linguistic affiliation — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 3: Historic spellings and names — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 4: Neighboring speech varieties — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 5: Primary source dates — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 6: Named linguists and local contributors — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 7: Village or census provenance — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 8: Original archive type — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 9: Research scope and limitations — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 10: Chronology of descriptions — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 2: Writing traditions and phonology — Lessons 11–20
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 11: Scholarly Roman transcription — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 12: Original vowel contrasts — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 13: Consonant articulations — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 14: Prosodic patterns if documented — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 15: Source-specific graphemes — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 16: Syllable organization if verified — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 17: Historical orthographic variation — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 18: Accurate lexical transcription — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 19: Sound versus letter — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 20: Avoiding invented ancient scripts — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 3: Local lexicon and semantic domains — Lessons 21–30
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 21: Community endonyms — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 22: Geographic terms — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 23: Traditional kinship lexemes — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 24: Gardening and farming terms — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 25: Coastal and land ecology — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 26: Recorded narratives and legends — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 27: Historical borrowed words — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 28: Documented word classes — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 29: Semantics from archived data — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 30: Real lexicon investigation — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 4: Noun phrases, possession and pronouns — Lessons 31–40
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 31: Independent pronouns — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 32: Number and person — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 33: Possessive constructions — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 34: Bound nouns — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 35: Free noun types if documented — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 36: Demonstratives — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 37: Nominal modification — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 38: Argument alignment — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 39: Noun word order — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 40: Interlinear noun phrase — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 5: Verbal syntax and spatial meanings — Lessons 41–50
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 41: Verb classes — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 42: Predicate order — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 43: Transitive arguments — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 44: Tense and aspect where attested — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 45: Negation — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 46: Questions and imperatives — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 47: Spatial directionals — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 48: Reference frames — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 49: Complex clauses — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 50: Authentic sentence analysis — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 6: First-hand documentation methods — Lessons 51–60
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 51: Find grammar or dictionary — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 52: Identify earliest source — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 53: Record fieldwork date — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 54: Locate exact original page — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 55: Copy original language form — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 56: Compare sound recording — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 57: Segment source morphology — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 58: Read recorded speaker context — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 59: Check translation accuracy — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 60: State editorial uncertainty — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 7: Oral heritage and social knowledge — Lessons 61–70
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 61: Kanak customary areas — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 62: Village heritage — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 63: Kinship organization — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 64: Plant and food knowledge — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 65: Narrative and oral testimony — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 66: Ceremonial speeches — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 67: Historical encounters — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 68: Community language teaching — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 69: Indigenous participant attribution — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 70: Archive ethics — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 8: Comparative linguistics and source criticism — Lessons 71–80
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 71: Correct northern subgroup — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 72: Neighbor-language differences — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 73: Source dialect and spelling — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 74: Comparison versus attestation — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 75: Historical sound change cautions — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 76: Census-year distinctions — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 77: Bibliographic completeness — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 78: Published versus unpublished materials — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 79: Typological generalizations — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 80: Critical evidence judgment — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
Module 9: Annotated independent research report — Lessons 81–90
Analyze original sources for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné), with documentary precision and respect for regional varieties.
- Lesson 81: Choose a dated source witness — Traditional fable text. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 82: Cite edition or audio identifier — 2024 linguistic syntax. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 83: Transcribe faithfully — Voh-Koné dialect region. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 84: Identify original dialect — Jean Rohleder 2024. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 85: Gloss a documented word — Comprehensive Grammar Library 9. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 86: Analyze original noun phrase — 364-page free grammar. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 87: Analyze documented verb form — Eleven months fieldwork. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 88: Compare an academic reference — ELAR multimedia archive. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 89: Report gaps and uncertainty — FLEx lexical database. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
- Lesson 90: Complete source-based portfolio — 1917 colonial-war oral history. Consult the named original institutional or scholarly source. Identify a source-specific observation, language form or historical document, then explain its grammar, meaning or provenance and cite it accurately; do not invent unattested original-language words.
9. Verifiable scholarly source
Open the institutional or publisher’s source for Documented Vamale (Voh–Koné). Consult the first edition and original data before directly quoting expressions or making historical sound assertions.
10. Annotated research portfolio
Compile a short verified passage or lexeme from original documentation, explain its location, date, transcription and grammatical analysis with bibliographic citation, then compare the underlying evidence to an additional scholarly work where available. Identify remaining uncertainties and refrain from invented historical utterances. Return to the ANLHE historical-language index.