1. Language, geography and identity

The Reef and Duff Islands of Temotu Province, Solomon Islands. Åshild Næss and Even Hovdhaugen’s 2011 comprehensive grammar records speech from Pileni, Nifiloli, Taumako, Nupani and related islands. The research treats Pileni and Taumako as dialect areas within one language, despite older publications sometimes listing them as separate. The authors favor the inclusive name Vaeakau-Taumako, reflecting objections to naming the whole language after Pileni island.

Language names and regional varieties are presented according to community-sensitive scholarly descriptions. A source’s publication date is not evidence of the language’s origin date, and historical speaker estimates are not current demographic facts.

2. Alphabet, authentic orthography and sound systems

The 2011 grammar reports distinctive voiced stops and aspirated nasal and liquid consonants, contrasting with many other Polynesian languages. Its explicit chapters on phonology and reduplication provide a primary framework for analyzing segment contrasts and word formation. Students should not normalize these unusual sounds away.

Students must distinguish alphabetic characters, phonetic transcription and analytic notation. Old and contemporary spelling systems may encode different features. Unsupported hypotheses about a pre-contact writing system are excluded.

3. Nouns, verbs, grammar and syntax

The 2011 grammar contains separate investigations of deictics, nominal and verbal morphology, tense, aspect, mood, simple and complex clauses, serial verbs, negation, questions and discourse organization. Extensive contact with neighboring Oceanic languages is a significant historical explanation for distinctive structures, though every proposed borrowing must be evaluated.

For every grammatical claim, document the relevant original-language evidence before generating English explanatory examples. Source limitations are substantive information, not gaps to conceal with plausible but invented language material.

4. Historically documented lexical sample

This selective lexicon uses only forms traceable to the sources indicated below. Definitions are concise summaries of the archival glosses and may not reflect every contextual sense.

• lima: hand.
• vae: leg or foot.
• tovale: left.
• toilo: right; identified as a likely loan in the source.
• hehoaki: a recorded expression for walking.

These isolated words do not authorize construction of unattested sentences or paradigms. All expanded examples require independent checking against the full edition.

5. Community life, historical use and language contact

Island geography, kinship, voyages, local ecology, settlement mobility and changing contact languages can all bear on lexical usage. Rather than implying a static culture, the encyclopedia asks how distinct decades of source collection shape observations. Community collaborators should be credited and knowledge restrictions respected.

6. Source register and scholarly bibliography

• Næss and Hovdhaugen (2011), A Grammar of Vaeakau-Taumako. https://nva.sikt.no/registration/0198cc7833ce-49864502-3f2e-4c21-aace-773daa5bc814
• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: Vaeakau-Taumako. https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=375

These links identify the scholarly witnesses or source data. They are not claims that every original sentence has been independently rechecked against the printed page. Add exact page or recording details before issuing finished instructional workbooks.

7. Nine-module learning design

Each module has ten distinct topics, yielding ninety numbered documentary lessons. Evidence requirements, source criticism, phonological literacy and respectful research methods are integrated throughout.

Module 1: Historical geography and identity — Lessons 1 to 10

Module focus: Pileni and Nifiloli, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

1. Lesson 1: community name — Pileni and Nifiloli. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
2. Lesson 2: atoll or island geography — Taumako dialect. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
3. Lesson 3: language affiliation — Nupani variation. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
4. Lesson 4: related-language distinction — language contact. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
5. Lesson 5: documentary time line — aspirated consonants. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
6. Lesson 6: source bibliographies — serial verbs. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
7. Lesson 7: fieldwork history — deictic system. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
8. Lesson 8: community voice — vowel contrasts. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
9. Lesson 9: historical contact — voyaging traditions. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
10. Lesson 10: evidence-quality audit — 2011 annotated texts. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 2: Writing and phonology — Lessons 11 to 20

Module focus: Taumako dialect, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

11. Lesson 11: original orthography — Taumako dialect. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
12. Lesson 12: consonant inventory — Nupani variation. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
13. Lesson 13: vowel inventory — language contact. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
14. Lesson 14: length notation — aspirated consonants. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
15. Lesson 15: syllabification — serial verbs. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
16. Lesson 16: stress evidence — deictic system. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
17. Lesson 17: dialectal spelling — vowel contrasts. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
18. Lesson 18: transcription choices — voyaging traditions. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
19. Lesson 19: audio cross-checking — 2011 annotated texts. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
20. Lesson 20: citation fidelity — Pileni and Nifiloli. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 3: Authentic vocabulary — Lessons 21 to 30

Module focus: Nupani variation, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

21. Lesson 21: headword organization — Nupani variation. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
22. Lesson 22: body parts — language contact. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
23. Lesson 23: kinship terminology — aspirated consonants. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
24. Lesson 24: land and sea — serial verbs. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
25. Lesson 25: weather words — deictic system. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
26. Lesson 26: movement verbs — vowel contrasts. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
27. Lesson 27: agricultural lexicon — voyaging traditions. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
28. Lesson 28: numerals — 2011 annotated texts. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
29. Lesson 29: loanwords — Pileni and Nifiloli. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
30. Lesson 30: ten-word verified glossary — Taumako dialect. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 4: Pronouns and nominal relations — Lessons 31 to 40

Module focus: language contact, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

31. Lesson 31: first-person categories — language contact. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
32. Lesson 32: second-person categories — aspirated consonants. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
33. Lesson 33: third-person categories — serial verbs. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
34. Lesson 34: number contrasts — deictic system. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
35. Lesson 35: inclusion distinctions — vowel contrasts. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
36. Lesson 36: nominal heads — voyaging traditions. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
37. Lesson 37: demonstratives — 2011 annotated texts. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
38. Lesson 38: possession — Pileni and Nifiloli. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
39. Lesson 39: case and role — Taumako dialect. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
40. Lesson 40: documented noun phrase — Nupani variation. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 5: Verbs and morphosyntax — Lessons 41 to 50

Module focus: aspirated consonants, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

41. Lesson 41: verbal lexemes — aspirated consonants. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
42. Lesson 42: aspectual evidence — serial verbs. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
43. Lesson 43: temporal marking — deictic system. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
44. Lesson 44: mood — vowel contrasts. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
45. Lesson 45: negation — voyaging traditions. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
46. Lesson 46: interrogatives — 2011 annotated texts. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
47. Lesson 47: transitivity — Pileni and Nifiloli. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
48. Lesson 48: word order — Taumako dialect. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
49. Lesson 49: derivation — Nupani variation. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
50. Lesson 50: clause analysis — language contact. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 6: Attested texts and discourse — Lessons 51 to 60

Module focus: serial verbs, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

51. Lesson 51: locate original text — serial verbs. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
52. Lesson 52: identify storyteller — deictic system. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
53. Lesson 53: historical setting — vowel contrasts. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
54. Lesson 54: source segmentation — voyaging traditions. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
55. Lesson 55: word-by-word gloss — 2011 annotated texts. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
56. Lesson 56: literal translation — Pileni and Nifiloli. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
57. Lesson 57: idiomatic translation — Taumako dialect. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
58. Lesson 58: narrative structure — Nupani variation. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
59. Lesson 59: genre — language contact. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
60. Lesson 60: commentary — aspirated consonants. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 7: Comparative and historical study — Lessons 61 to 70

Module focus: deictic system, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

61. Lesson 61: cognate methodology — deictic system. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
62. Lesson 62: ancestral forms — vowel contrasts. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
63. Lesson 63: borrowing diagnostics — voyaging traditions. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
64. Lesson 64: phonological innovation — 2011 annotated texts. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
65. Lesson 65: lexical replacement — Pileni and Nifiloli. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
66. Lesson 66: island-to-island interaction — Taumako dialect. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
67. Lesson 67: dated descriptions — Nupani variation. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
68. Lesson 68: speaker variety — language contact. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
69. Lesson 69: limits of inference — aspirated consonants. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
70. Lesson 70: historical case study — serial verbs. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 8: Cultural ecology and responsible documentation — Lessons 71 to 80

Module focus: vowel contrasts, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

71. Lesson 71: maritime life — vowel contrasts. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
72. Lesson 72: local ecology — voyaging traditions. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
73. Lesson 73: kinship narratives — 2011 annotated texts. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
74. Lesson 74: language transmission — Pileni and Nifiloli. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
75. Lesson 75: migration — Taumako dialect. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
76. Lesson 76: contact languages — Nupani variation. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
77. Lesson 77: religious and ceremonial register — language contact. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
78. Lesson 78: archival metadata — aspirated consonants. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
79. Lesson 79: speaker consent — serial verbs. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
80. Lesson 80: community-led scholarship — deictic system. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

Module 9: Advanced research portfolio — Lessons 81 to 90

Module focus: voyaging traditions, assessed in relation to Vaeakau-Taumako and its actual research record. Each lesson develops a separately identifiable competence with a citation trail and clear uncertainty annotations.

81. Lesson 81: annotated bibliography — voyaging traditions. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
82. Lesson 82: orthography table — 2011 annotated texts. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
83. Lesson 83: phonological contrast analysis — Pileni and Nifiloli. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
84. Lesson 84: lexicon study — Taumako dialect. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
85. Lesson 85: pronoun study — Nupani variation. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
86. Lesson 86: verbal study — language contact. Present an evidence-based research question and list what original speaker or archival data would be needed to answer it. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
87. Lesson 87: annotated text — aspirated consonants. Extract only directly attested forms from the named source and include original spelling, gloss, attribution and page or entry identifier. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
88. Lesson 88: comparison of sources — serial verbs. Compare the source treatment with a related documented phenomenon and explain why borrowing a neighboring language’s forms would be invalid. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
89. Lesson 89: documentation ethics — deictic system. Prepare a short annotated evidence table distinguishing observation, descriptive interpretation and unverified hypothesis. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.
90. Lesson 90: final scholarly synthesis — vowel contrasts. Identify a relevant passage or lexical entry, assess its historical setting and state at least one source limitation. Expected submission: a cited document note, specific linguistic interpretation, and careful statement of what remains unknown.

8. Evidence boundaries and editorial integrity

No undocumented grammar form, invented local sentence, fabricated antiquity or current speaker population is supplied as fact. Where available sources are limited to basic vocabulary, lessons on morphology and discourse are proposals for further verified research rather than a false claim of complete documentation. Respect manuscript permissions and speaker authorship in any future learning materials.