1. Community and linguistic identity

ANLHE Micronesian classification and documentary audit (November 2026): Tobian is a Chuukic Micronesian language of Tobi Island and a closely related sister language of Sonsorolese. Both belong genealogically with other western Chuukic varieties, not with Palauan, which is a separate non-Oceanic Austronesian language. The names Tobian and Sonsorolese should not be merged into a single standard grammar merely because of their proximity or shared political context. Linguistic classification and documentary source.

Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) is associated with Tobi or Hatohobei Island, a southwestern island of Palau; also diaspora communities. Classification: Austronesian, Oceanic, Micronesian, Chuukic. Hatohobeian is related to, but distinguished from, the language of Sonsorol. Neither is genealogically a form of Palauan simply because the islands lie in the Republic of Palau. The local designation Ramari Hatohobei should be preserved when sources employ it.

2. Historical evidence and named scholarship

Esther van den Berg’s 2014 Linguistic Sketch of Hatohobeian and Sonsorolese: a study of phonology and morphology is a source for comparing two closely related languages while retaining differences. The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database cites the dissertation as the source of 226 Tobian datapoints, with orthography supplied by the author and IPA annotations. Capell’s 1948 study provides an earlier combined comparative record.

Fieldwork dates, manuscript dates, publication dates and living community histories are different types of chronological evidence. Dated reference entries are not reliable current speaker censuses.

3. Alphabet, phonology and transcription

The 2014 dissertation is a phonology and morphology study. Learners must distinguish written forms in the source from phonetic IPA annotations and decide carefully which phenomena are systematic. The ABVD dataset should be cited as a curated extraction from the dissertation, not a complete language corpus.

Always label whether a form appears in community orthography, a scholar’s normalized romanization or the International Phonetic Alphabet. No pre-contact script is hypothesized from the mere existence of twentieth-century written records.

4. Original grammar and linguistic categories

Central topics include phonological contrasts, word-formation, person and number, possessive morphology, historical borrowing and comparison with Sonsorolese. All concrete paradigms require source-backed citation; related language forms may not be substituted.

A teaching grammar must be built from attested phrases, not generalized from apparent cognacy with another island language. Where the available source consists of lexical lists or sociolinguistic notes, sentence structure remains an open empirical question.

5. Selected documented language evidence

Only the following forms and source identifiers are included; their role is to show how quotation and attribution work, not to create undocumented sentence patterns.

• Ramari Hatohobei: community language designation
• tox: ISO 639-3 identifier, not a Tobian lexical entry
• 226: number of comparative dataset entries, not an estimate of vocabulary size

Preserve all accent marks and original wording. Where the item is explicitly an ISO or archival identifier, it is not a word from the language.

6. Social context, communication and community stewardship

Atoll migration, navigation, fishing, historical colonial encounters, education and inter-island contact may be relevant to the documentary record. These are topics for source-led discussion, not assumptions about every speaker. Older outsider descriptions and community-authored accounts may represent different viewpoints. Reuse of oral narratives requires attention to speaker credit and the permissions of the archive or community.

7. Named academic and community references

1. Esther van den Berg (2014), Linguistic Sketch of Hatohobeian and Sonsorolese. https://friendsoftobi.org/misc/documentarchive/vandenberglinguisticsketch2014.pdf
2. Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, Tobian source and identification. https://lpan.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/language.php?id=1640
3. Capell (1948), Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of Sonsorol-Tobi. https://habeleinstitute.org/wiki/Zotero_reference%3AJQJDF3QD

The references provide the evidentiary basis for the documented history and examples. Expanded textbooks should give page or recording locations rather than citing a general work for invented phrases.

8. Ninety original-source learning objectives

Nine modules each contain ten independent research lessons. They lead from community context through orthography, grammar, attested text interpretation, lexicography, comparison and ethical preservation. These are lesson briefs, not finished bilingual dialogues or spoken audio courses.

Module 1. Historical identity and source criticism — Lessons 1–10

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: Hatohobei identity; related evidence anchor: Sonsorolese distinction. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

1. Lesson 1: language name — Hatohobei identity. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
2. Lesson 2: local geography — Sonsorolese distinction. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
3. Lesson 3: genealogical placement — van den Berg 2014. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
4. Lesson 4: neighbors and contact — Capell 1948. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
5. Lesson 5: earliest relevant source — ABVD archival data. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
6. Lesson 6: important later sources — phonological annotation. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
7. Lesson 7: named community researchers — morphological evidence. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
8. Lesson 8: history of documentation — IPA versus spelling. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
9. Lesson 9: source criticism — local language naming. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
10. Lesson 10: scholarly chronology — source provenance. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 2. Writing and speech sounds — Lessons 11–20

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: Sonsorolese distinction; related evidence anchor: van den Berg 2014. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

11. Lesson 11: writing system — Sonsorolese distinction. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
12. Lesson 12: documented consonants — van den Berg 2014. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
13. Lesson 13: documented vowels — Capell 1948. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
14. Lesson 14: possible length distinctions — ABVD archival data. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
15. Lesson 15: syllabic structure — phonological annotation. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
16. Lesson 16: stress evidence — morphological evidence. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
17. Lesson 17: orthographic variants — IPA versus spelling. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
18. Lesson 18: phonetic transcription — local language naming. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
19. Lesson 19: recordings and spelling — source provenance. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
20. Lesson 20: evidence-limited phonology report — Hatohobei identity. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 3. Lexicography and original words — Lessons 21–30

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: van den Berg 2014; related evidence anchor: Capell 1948. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

21. Lesson 21: source dictionary selection — van den Berg 2014. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
22. Lesson 22: body-part vocabulary — Capell 1948. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
23. Lesson 23: family terminology — ABVD archival data. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
24. Lesson 24: maritime terminology — phonological annotation. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
25. Lesson 25: island ecology — morphological evidence. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
26. Lesson 26: food vocabulary — IPA versus spelling. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
27. Lesson 27: motion and activity — local language naming. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
28. Lesson 28: expressions of time — source provenance. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
29. Lesson 29: contact borrowings — Hatohobei identity. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
30. Lesson 30: verified lexicon portfolio — Sonsorolese distinction. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 4. Pronouns and referential expressions — Lessons 31–40

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: Capell 1948; related evidence anchor: ABVD archival data. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

31. Lesson 31: person marking — Capell 1948. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
32. Lesson 32: singular reference — ABVD archival data. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
33. Lesson 33: plural reference — phonological annotation. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
34. Lesson 34: dual reference if attested — morphological evidence. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
35. Lesson 35: inclusive and exclusive if attested — IPA versus spelling. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
36. Lesson 36: nominal determiners — local language naming. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
37. Lesson 37: demonstratives — source provenance. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
38. Lesson 38: possession — Hatohobei identity. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
39. Lesson 39: kinship references — Sonsorolese distinction. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
40. Lesson 40: referential analysis — van den Berg 2014. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 5. Verbs, morphology and clause patterns — Lessons 41–50

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: ABVD archival data; related evidence anchor: phonological annotation. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

41. Lesson 41: word-class identification — ABVD archival data. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
42. Lesson 42: verb marking — phonological annotation. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
43. Lesson 43: aspect evidence — morphological evidence. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
44. Lesson 44: tense interpretation — IPA versus spelling. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
45. Lesson 45: negation — local language naming. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
46. Lesson 46: interrogatives — source provenance. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
47. Lesson 47: directives — Hatohobei identity. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
48. Lesson 48: transitivity — Sonsorolese distinction. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
49. Lesson 49: clause order — van den Berg 2014. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
50. Lesson 50: original clause analysis — Capell 1948. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 6. Documented text and translation — Lessons 51–60

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: phonological annotation; related evidence anchor: morphological evidence. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

51. Lesson 51: primary passage identification — phonological annotation. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
52. Lesson 52: speaker and editor — morphological evidence. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
53. Lesson 53: text provenance — IPA versus spelling. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
54. Lesson 54: segmentation — local language naming. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
55. Lesson 55: lexical glossing — source provenance. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
56. Lesson 56: morphological analysis — Hatohobei identity. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
57. Lesson 57: translation choices — Sonsorolese distinction. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
58. Lesson 58: discourse organization — van den Berg 2014. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
59. Lesson 59: cultural interpretation — Capell 1948. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
60. Lesson 60: edited archival note — ABVD archival data. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 7. Historical change and comparative method — Lessons 61–70

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: morphological evidence; related evidence anchor: IPA versus spelling. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

61. Lesson 61: comparative framework — morphological evidence. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
62. Lesson 62: cognacy versus contact — IPA versus spelling. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
63. Lesson 63: phonological change — local language naming. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
64. Lesson 64: loanword detection — source provenance. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
65. Lesson 65: dialect claims — Hatohobei identity. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
66. Lesson 66: earlier versus later documentation — Sonsorolese distinction. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
67. Lesson 67: sociolinguistic change — van den Berg 2014. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
68. Lesson 68: source-dated speaker counts — Capell 1948. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
69. Lesson 69: limits of reconstructions — ABVD archival data. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
70. Lesson 70: comparative case study — phonological annotation. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 8. Community life and research ethics — Lessons 71–80

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: IPA versus spelling; related evidence anchor: local language naming. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

71. Lesson 71: place and people — IPA versus spelling. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
72. Lesson 72: oceanic ecological knowledge — local language naming. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
73. Lesson 73: kinship and social relations — source provenance. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
74. Lesson 74: oral history ethics — Hatohobei identity. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
75. Lesson 75: learning and transmission — Sonsorolese distinction. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
76. Lesson 76: multilingual setting — van den Berg 2014. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
77. Lesson 77: source permissions — Capell 1948. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
78. Lesson 78: acknowledging contributors — ABVD archival data. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
79. Lesson 79: community feedback — phonological annotation. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
80. Lesson 80: safe archiving — morphological evidence. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 9. Research portfolio and assessment — Lessons 81–90

Distinctive Tobian (Hatohobeian, Ramari Hatohobei) research focus: local language naming; related evidence anchor: source provenance. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

81. Lesson 81: bibliography — local language naming. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
82. Lesson 82: orthographic evidence table — source provenance. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
83. Lesson 83: phonological analysis — Hatohobei identity. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
84. Lesson 84: ten attested entries — Sonsorolese distinction. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
85. Lesson 85: pronoun evidence note — van den Berg 2014. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
86. Lesson 86: verb evidence note — Capell 1948. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
87. Lesson 87: annotated historical text — ABVD archival data. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
88. Lesson 88: comparative report — phonological annotation. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
89. Lesson 89: ethics review — morphological evidence. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
90. Lesson 90: ninety-lesson synthesis — IPA versus spelling. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

9. Evidence standards and learning outcomes

A student completing this syllabus should recognize the documented history and unique language identity, read the source’s spelling accurately, interpret selected authentic lexemes and constructions with appropriate citations, and evaluate where the existing scholarly record remains incomplete. Native-language material should be reviewed by fluent speakers when feasible. Ninety named research objectives are not ninety complete downloadable lessons.