1. Language identity and historic geography

ANLHE New Ireland and Solomon Islands classification audit (November 2026): Fanamaket (ISO 639-3 bjp), also known in comparative materials as Tangga, is separately listed among New Ireland’s Oceanic languages. An earlier classification emphasized uncertainty about Tangga’s precise position relative to Tabar, Lihir and Patpatar–Tolai. Alternative names and related languages should therefore be cross-referenced but not conflated with a single uniform modern standard. Comparative language documentation.

Fanamaket (Tangga) is documented in Muliama, Sena and Warangansau area, southern New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, with historical links to Tanga and Feni islands. Its ISO 639-3 identifier is bjp. Language-family classifications belong to the Austronesian Oceanic sphere, but geographical and genealogical proximity do not establish mutual identity between neighboring languages. Academic and community terminology must be attributed to its original source.

2. Historical scholarship and attribution

The Fanamaket language appears as a named Oceanic variety in the SIL New Ireland register. The source of a detailed 2013 numeral table is René van den Berg, with Lucille D’Jernes relaying linguistic information provided by Solomon Tuamanil in November 2013. Some regional varieties are markedly divergent, and older aggregations under Tangga must not erase local community distinctions.

Language origin, documented speech, collection date, scholarly publication and modern speaker population are separate categories of evidence. This guide does not treat old speaker figures as current or infer historical origins from the date of a grammar.

3. Writing systems and phonology

The 2013 source distinguishes seven vowel qualities /i, ɪ, ɛ, ɑ, ɔ, ʊ, u/ and notes practical written ii and uu for two of them. This is an exceptional source-grounded opportunity to compare IPA transcription and community orthography, while the rest of the alphabet needs separate documentation.

Source spelling, IPA transcription, phonological analysis and ordinary modern writing must be distinguished. Historical Latin-letter transcription is not evidence of an ancient separately documented indigenous script.

4. Authentic grammatical observations

The source records decimal numerals and forms one through ten; it also notes that final voiceless plosives are unreleased. These observations are based on a particular linguistic record and do not justify claiming a complete clause grammar. Documented forms should be preserved with phonetic signs.

Pronouns, possession, verbal constructions and sentence patterns must be supported with source-specific primary examples before they are presented as validated grammar. A research topic does not constitute an attested grammar rule.

5. Small evidence-based language and metadata sample

• tikɪ: one.
• wu: two.
• tʊl: three.
• fɛt: four.
• lim: five.
• sɑŋful: ten.

Only these limited source-attributed forms and clearly identified catalogue codes are provided. They must not be recombined to manufacture full conversational phrases.

6. Social history, cultural context and interpretation

Local environments, island mobility, oral traditions, family relations and multilingual contact can contextualize lexical and grammatical evidence. This does not license general claims about contemporary community beliefs or ways of speaking without independently documented interviews or recordings. Rights and speaker acknowledgment apply to any future republishing of full stories.

7. Named bibliographic and source register

1. René van den Berg, Lucille D’Jernes and Solomon Tuamanil, Fanamaket numerals (2013). https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Fanamaket.htm
2. Fanamaket/Tangga, geographical and dialect description. https://arc.dbs.org/data/languages/bjp/

These entries enable independent verification of the cited facts. A bibliography does not authenticate invented examples and some languages lack a publicly reviewed full grammar.

8. Ninety evidence-based study objectives

Nine modules of ten individual lessons progress from original-source literacy through phonetic observation, lexicography, grammatical research, documentary reading, comparison, community ethics and a final portfolio. When the verified corpus is limited, the assignments prioritize archival and speaker verification over speculation.

Module 1: Documentary identity and history — Lessons 1–10

Language-specific focus: Muliama area. Secondary anchor: Sena area. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

1. Lesson 1: endonym and exonym — Muliama area. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
2. Lesson 2: island or village distribution — Sena area. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
3. Lesson 3: Oceanic subgroup — Warangansau area. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
4. Lesson 4: local dialect boundaries — René van den Berg 2013. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
5. Lesson 5: bibliographic origins — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
6. Lesson 6: dated primary records — seven vowel qualities. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
7. Lesson 7: author and speaker credits — ii and uu orthography. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
8. Lesson 8: documentary genres — unreleased final stops. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
9. Lesson 9: historical limitations — decimal numerals. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
10. Lesson 10: scholarly source chart — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 2: Script and phonological description — Lessons 11–20

Language-specific focus: Sena area. Secondary anchor: Warangansau area. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

11. Lesson 11: alphabet provenance — Sena area. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
12. Lesson 12: attested consonants — Warangansau area. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
13. Lesson 13: attested vowels — René van den Berg 2013. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
14. Lesson 14: length distinctions — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
15. Lesson 15: phonemic versus orthographic form — seven vowel qualities. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
16. Lesson 16: word segmentation — ii and uu orthography. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
17. Lesson 17: prosody evidence — unreleased final stops. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
18. Lesson 18: historical spellings — decimal numerals. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
19. Lesson 19: audio pronunciation evidence — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
20. Lesson 20: transcription assessment — Muliama area. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 3: Lexicon and numerical semantics — Lessons 21–30

Language-specific focus: Warangansau area. Secondary anchor: René van den Berg 2013. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

21. Lesson 21: primary dictionary sources — Warangansau area. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
22. Lesson 22: numeral inventory — René van den Berg 2013. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
23. Lesson 23: compositional counting — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
24. Lesson 24: kinship words — seven vowel qualities. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
25. Lesson 25: body-related terms — ii and uu orthography. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
26. Lesson 26: natural environment vocabulary — unreleased final stops. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
27. Lesson 27: ocean vocabulary — decimal numerals. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
28. Lesson 28: movement expressions — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
29. Lesson 29: borrowings — Muliama area. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
30. Lesson 30: annotated mini-lexicon — Sena area. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 4: Nominal and person marking — Lessons 31–40

Language-specific focus: René van den Berg 2013. Secondary anchor: Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

31. Lesson 31: noun phrase evidence — René van den Berg 2013. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
32. Lesson 32: pronoun person — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
33. Lesson 33: number distinctions — seven vowel qualities. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
34. Lesson 34: inclusive and exclusive if attested — ii and uu orthography. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
35. Lesson 35: demonstratives — unreleased final stops. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
36. Lesson 36: possessive patterns — decimal numerals. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
37. Lesson 37: inalienable relations — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
38. Lesson 38: adjectival modifiers — Muliama area. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
39. Lesson 39: case or argument roles — Sena area. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
40. Lesson 40: nominal text annotation — Warangansau area. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 5: Verbs and clause grammar — Lessons 41–50

Language-specific focus: Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Secondary anchor: seven vowel qualities. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

41. Lesson 41: verb identification — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
42. Lesson 42: transitive constructions — seven vowel qualities. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
43. Lesson 43: aspectual marking — ii and uu orthography. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
44. Lesson 44: temporal reference — unreleased final stops. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
45. Lesson 45: negative markers — decimal numerals. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
46. Lesson 46: questions — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
47. Lesson 47: requests and imperatives — Muliama area. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
48. Lesson 48: clause order — Sena area. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
49. Lesson 49: coordination — Warangansau area. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
50. Lesson 50: source-based clause analysis — René van den Berg 2013. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 6: Original documents and translation — Lessons 51–60

Language-specific focus: seven vowel qualities. Secondary anchor: ii and uu orthography. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

51. Lesson 51: source passage choice — seven vowel qualities. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
52. Lesson 52: speaker and date — ii and uu orthography. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
53. Lesson 53: verbatim transcription — unreleased final stops. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
54. Lesson 54: morphological segmentation — decimal numerals. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
55. Lesson 55: gloss alignment — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
56. Lesson 56: translation context — Muliama area. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
57. Lesson 57: narrative ordering — Sena area. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
58. Lesson 58: genre and register — Warangansau area. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
59. Lesson 59: cultural interpretation — René van den Berg 2013. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
60. Lesson 60: critical commentary — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 7: Comparison, variation and contact — Lessons 61–70

Language-specific focus: ii and uu orthography. Secondary anchor: unreleased final stops. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

61. Lesson 61: cognate controls — ii and uu orthography. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
62. Lesson 62: sound correspondences — unreleased final stops. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
63. Lesson 63: separate-language evidence — decimal numerals. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
64. Lesson 64: dialect variation — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
65. Lesson 65: loanword verification — Muliama area. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
66. Lesson 66: historic orthography comparison — Sena area. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
67. Lesson 67: migration claims — Warangansau area. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
68. Lesson 68: source chronology — René van den Berg 2013. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
69. Lesson 69: uncertain reconstructions — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
70. Lesson 70: comparative research product — seven vowel qualities. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 8: Language community and research ethics — Lessons 71–80

Language-specific focus: unreleased final stops. Secondary anchor: decimal numerals. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

71. Lesson 71: speaker agency — unreleased final stops. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
72. Lesson 72: community archive rights — decimal numerals. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
73. Lesson 73: place-name stewardship — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
74. Lesson 74: traditional knowledge — Muliama area. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
75. Lesson 75: language transmission — Sena area. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
76. Lesson 76: multilingual contact — Warangansau area. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
77. Lesson 77: consent and citation — René van den Berg 2013. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
78. Lesson 78: publishing permissions — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
79. Lesson 79: education and literacy — seven vowel qualities. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
80. Lesson 80: community feedback — ii and uu orthography. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

Module 9: Research and assessment portfolio — Lessons 81–90

Language-specific focus: decimal numerals. Secondary anchor: Tanga–Feni historical relation. Maintain direct and indirect evidence in separate records and label unresolved features.

81. Lesson 81: bibliography dossier — decimal numerals. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
82. Lesson 82: authentic phonetic table — Tanga–Feni historical relation. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
83. Lesson 83: orthography concordance — Muliama area. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
84. Lesson 84: lexical attestations — Sena area. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
85. Lesson 85: pronoun research report — Warangansau area. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
86. Lesson 86: verbal evidence report — René van den Berg 2013. Use only verified forms from this language, contrasting transcription with interpretation, without borrowing invented paradigms from related languages. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
87. Lesson 87: annotated original excerpt — Solomon Tuamanil attribution. Create a source table of observation, analytical hypothesis, alternative reading and the evidence required to decide between them. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
88. Lesson 88: comparison note — seven vowel qualities. Assess the historical and geographic limits of the named material, including narrator, editorial conventions and possible contact. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
89. Lesson 89: ethics declaration — ii and uu orthography. Prepare an academically useful commentary and a testable language-specific research question, explicitly marking what remains unverified. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.
90. Lesson 90: final ninety-objective synthesis — unreleased final stops. Locate a specific original entry or passage and record author, date, variety, spelling, reference location and supported translation. If absent, document the source gap. Assessment: a traced source, independently explained linguistic observation and uncertainty statement.

9. Academic integrity and completion status

Ninety study topics and research assessments are present. Ninety completed full lessons, book chapters, recordings or validated dialogues are not claimed. Unverified speech forms and speculative ancient writing systems have been excluded. Further curriculum expansion requires exact pages or archival recordings and, where practicable, community-led checking.