1. Community and geographic identity

Engdewu (Nanggu) is associated with southern Santa Cruz (Nendö) Island, Temotu Province. Linguistic classification: Austronesian, Oceanic, Temotu, Reefs–Santa Cruz. ISO 639-3 code: ngr. Different names for the same language must be distinguished from closely related but separately named languages. A language’s age cannot be inferred from its scholarly publication dates.

2. Historical scholarship and fieldwork chronology

Engdewu, often called Nagu or Nanggu in older literature, has a complete major reference: Anders Vaa’s 2013 University of Oslo dissertation A Grammar of Engdewu: An Oceanic Language of Solomon Islands (over 560 pages). The preferred language name and alternate Nanggu nomenclature are explicitly discussed in research. Its documentary record must not be merged with Natügu solely because the languages are geographically adjacent.

Be precise about whose language forms are recorded and when. Historical research describes one time and often a restricted selection of speakers; it does not imply a current population estimate or a definitive orthographic standard.

3. Original orthography and sound systems

Vaa’s 2013 description proposes a Latin-script writing scheme and discusses sounds and spelling. A published sample on bamboo and breadfruit illustrates narrative syntax, but longer original text should be read and quoted from the thesis with correct speaker attribution, not reproduced without source context.

The existence of contemporary Roman-script writing is not evidence of an ancient separate script. Phonetic symbols, apostrophes, vowel diacritics and morpheme boundaries should be retained when citing source forms.

4. Morphology, syntax and attested constructions

Engdewu has elaborate verb structures including directionals, aspectual or adverbial morphemes following the root. Vaa discussed the bound change-of-state form pme, the interpretation of stress, and the structural status of these elements. A comparative study of Reefs–Santa Cruz applicatives also shows an Engdewu verbal suffix -(n)ö with specific constructional functions. Careful source interpretation is needed to distinguish affix, clitic, quotative and pragmatic functions.

Verbal, nominal and pronominal forms are not interchangeable with those of another Reefs–Santa Cruz language. Source-based teaching materials require original examples with attributable grammatical glosses rather than sentences constructed by analogy.

5. Carefully delimited linguistic examples

The following are short source-based forms, morphological notation or clearly labelled catalogue identifiers. They are not a complete vocabulary and must not be assembled into invented dialogues.

• ngr: ISO 639-3 code, not a native word.
• pme: change-of-state marker analyzed in Vaa’s work.
• -(n)ö: source-cited applicative suffix notation, not an independent conversational word.

6. Culture, community life and research ethics

Community settlement history, sea and island ecology, genealogies, oral traditions, multilingual networks and literacy movements are relevant research areas only insofar as original sources and community contributors support them. Language archive descriptions can provide a starting point, but speakers retain rights and should be accurately credited. Permission may be required before reprinting recordings, stories and other cultural resources.

7. Named primary scholarly references and archives

1. Anders Vaa (2013), A Grammar of Engdewu, Glottolog bibliographic record. https://glottolog.org/resource/reference/id/318787
2. University of Tromsø announcement on Vaa’s Engdewu analysis. https://uit.no/tavla/artikkel/464770/engdewu_teoretiske_utfordringer_i_sprakdokumenta
3. Reefs–Santa Cruz comparative applicatives and constructions. https://benjamins.com/catalog/sl.25045.alf
4. Engdewu language and orthography context. https://www.omniglot.com/writing/nanggu.htm

Historical and modern sources can be compared, but complete grammatical paradigms should not be inferred from a bibliography. Expand each future lesson with the precise original page, headword or recording timestamp.

8. Original language-specific research anchors

1. Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
2. southern Nendö communities. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
3. Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
4. historical Tryon–Hackman data. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
5. community orthography. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
6. directionals and clause meaning. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
7. bound change-of-state pme. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
8. applicatives and argument structure. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
9. typological comparison. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
10. narrative attribution and rights. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.

9. Ninety numbered documentary learning objectives

Nine thematic modules of ten lessons. The syllabus addresses historical literacy, source notation, authentic lexicon, morphosyntax, original texts, historical comparison and responsible documentation. Where the language lacks a comprehensive grammar, the corresponding lessons explicitly require research instead of claiming unattested forms are known.

Module 1: Names, communities, documented history — Lessons 1–10

Specific documentary anchor: Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Related inquiry: southern Nendö communities. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

1. Lesson 1: Names and self-designations — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
2. Lesson 2: Island and settlement geography — southern Nendö communities. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
3. Lesson 3: Genealogical classification — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
4. Lesson 4: Language versus dialect evidence — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
5. Lesson 5: First recorded sources — community orthography. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
6. Lesson 6: Fieldwork chronology — directionals and clause meaning. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
7. Lesson 7: Community contributors — bound change-of-state pme. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
8. Lesson 8: Archive genres — applicatives and argument structure. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
9. Lesson 9: Documentation and demographic caution — typological comparison. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
10. Lesson 10: Annotated bibliography — narrative attribution and rights. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 2: Writing, speech sounds and analysis — Lessons 11–20

Specific documentary anchor: southern Nendö communities. Related inquiry: Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

11. Lesson 11: Source grapheme inventories — southern Nendö communities. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
12. Lesson 12: Consonant evidence — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
13. Lesson 13: Vowel qualities — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
14. Lesson 14: Diacritic conventions — community orthography. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
15. Lesson 15: Syllabic organization — directionals and clause meaning. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
16. Lesson 16: Stress evidence — bound change-of-state pme. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
17. Lesson 17: Phonemic versus phonetic notation — applicatives and argument structure. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
18. Lesson 18: Morpheme boundaries — typological comparison. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
19. Lesson 19: Speaker recordings — narrative attribution and rights. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
20. Lesson 20: Evidence-based pronunciation report — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 3: Vocabulary and original meanings — Lessons 21–30

Specific documentary anchor: Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Related inquiry: historical Tryon–Hackman data. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

21. Lesson 21: Dictionary and wordlist provenance — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
22. Lesson 22: Body and kinship terms — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
23. Lesson 23: Coastal and sea vocabulary — community orthography. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
24. Lesson 24: Plant and animal nomenclature — directionals and clause meaning. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
25. Lesson 25: Food and cultivation — bound change-of-state pme. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
26. Lesson 26: Spatial and directional expressions — applicatives and argument structure. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
27. Lesson 27: Motion and event verbs — typological comparison. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
28. Lesson 28: Numerals and quantity — narrative attribution and rights. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
29. Lesson 29: Multilingual and borrowed words — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
30. Lesson 30: Ten authenticated lexical entries — southern Nendö communities. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 4: People, nouns and possession — Lessons 31–40

Specific documentary anchor: historical Tryon–Hackman data. Related inquiry: community orthography. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

31. Lesson 31: Person reference — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
32. Lesson 32: Minimal and augmented reference — community orthography. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
33. Lesson 33: Singular, dual and plural distinctions — directionals and clause meaning. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
34. Lesson 34: Pronoun morphology — bound change-of-state pme. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
35. Lesson 35: Noun phrase heads — applicatives and argument structure. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
36. Lesson 36: Article or classifier evidence — typological comparison. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
37. Lesson 37: Direct versus indirect possession — narrative attribution and rights. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
38. Lesson 38: Alienability and bound roots — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
39. Lesson 39: Demonstratives and deixis — southern Nendö communities. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
40. Lesson 40: Authentic nominal phrase analysis — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 5: Verbal structure and sentence patterns — Lessons 41–50

Specific documentary anchor: community orthography. Related inquiry: directionals and clause meaning. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

41. Lesson 41: Predicate structure — community orthography. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
42. Lesson 42: Verbal stems and argument patterns — directionals and clause meaning. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
43. Lesson 43: Tense and aspect interpretation — bound change-of-state pme. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
44. Lesson 44: Voice and transitivity — applicatives and argument structure. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
45. Lesson 45: Applicative and valency-changing morphemes — typological comparison. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
46. Lesson 46: Negation — narrative attribution and rights. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
47. Lesson 47: Questions and commands — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
48. Lesson 48: Clause constituent order — southern Nendö communities. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
49. Lesson 49: Clause coordination and subordination — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
50. Lesson 50: Complete passage syntax — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 6: Original narratives and translation — Lessons 51–60

Specific documentary anchor: directionals and clause meaning. Related inquiry: bound change-of-state pme. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

51. Lesson 51: Choose an original text — directionals and clause meaning. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
52. Lesson 52: Speaker and collection provenance — bound change-of-state pme. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
53. Lesson 53: Exact source transcription — applicatives and argument structure. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
54. Lesson 54: Identify word boundaries — typological comparison. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
55. Lesson 55: Morpheme segmentation — narrative attribution and rights. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
56. Lesson 56: Interlinear grammatical glossing — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
57. Lesson 57: Literal translation — southern Nendö communities. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
58. Lesson 58: Natural contextual translation — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
59. Lesson 59: Narrative discourse — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
60. Lesson 60: Critical source commentary — community orthography. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 7: Historical change and language contact — Lessons 61–70

Specific documentary anchor: bound change-of-state pme. Related inquiry: applicatives and argument structure. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

61. Lesson 61: Temotu historical relationship — bound change-of-state pme. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
62. Lesson 62: Reefs–Santa Cruz comparison — applicatives and argument structure. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
63. Lesson 63: Cognates and chance resemblance — typological comparison. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
64. Lesson 64: Sound changes — narrative attribution and rights. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
65. Lesson 65: Borrowing and multilingualism — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
66. Lesson 66: Comparative pronouns — southern Nendö communities. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
67. Lesson 67: Verbal morphology history — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
68. Lesson 68: Source-dated changes — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
69. Lesson 69: Limits of reconstructed forms — community orthography. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
70. Lesson 70: Documented comparative assessment — directionals and clause meaning. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 8: Speaker rights and language continuity — Lessons 71–80

Specific documentary anchor: applicatives and argument structure. Related inquiry: typological comparison. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

71. Lesson 71: Community intellectual authority — applicatives and argument structure. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
72. Lesson 72: Original speakers and collaborators — typological comparison. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
73. Lesson 73: Ecological knowledge — narrative attribution and rights. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
74. Lesson 74: Oral narrative permissions — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
75. Lesson 75: Educational and literacy contexts — southern Nendö communities. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
76. Lesson 76: Language use across generations — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
77. Lesson 77: Multilingual practices — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
78. Lesson 78: Archive rights and access — community orthography. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
79. Lesson 79: Community text corrections — directionals and clause meaning. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
80. Lesson 80: Responsible preservation — bound change-of-state pme. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 9: Capstone research and source verification — Lessons 81–90

Specific documentary anchor: typological comparison. Related inquiry: narrative attribution and rights. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

81. Lesson 81: Bibliography with exact citations — typological comparison. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
82. Lesson 82: Orthographic concordance — narrative attribution and rights. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
83. Lesson 83: Sound evidence notebook — Engdewu versus Nanggu naming. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
84. Lesson 84: Verified mini-dictionary — southern Nendö communities. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
85. Lesson 85: Pronoun analysis — Vaa 2013 reference grammar. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
86. Lesson 86: Original clause analysis — historical Tryon–Hackman data. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
87. Lesson 87: Annotated authentic text — community orthography. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
88. Lesson 88: Comparative historical essay — directionals and clause meaning. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
89. Lesson 89: Community review and ethics plan — bound change-of-state pme. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
90. Lesson 90: Ninety-objective documentary portfolio — applicatives and argument structure. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

10. Editorial status and teaching-material integrity

This is an original encyclopedic profile plus ninety documentary research lesson objectives, not ninety finished textbooks, videos or audio tutorials. Source-poor features are clearly stated as research gaps. Invented indigenous expressions, reconstructed alphabets presented as fact and unverified present-day speaker numbers are excluded. Further work should be checked with original scholars’ sources and, where practicable, community experts.