1. Community and geographic position

Sesotho is an established living language of Lesotho and South Africa. Educational spelling and usage are influenced by both local standardization and community-specific speech. Avoid equating Sesotho with every language whose English label includes Sotho.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

2. Genealogical catalogue

Glottolog lists Southern Sotho with ISO 639-3 sot and Glottocode sout2807. It belongs to the Sotho–Tswana subgroup of Southern Bantu, with particular comparative connections to Lozi and other related languages; the separate language identities of Sesotho and Setswana should be preserved.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

3. Historical written sources

Sesotho has a long tradition of written grammar and literacy associated with nineteenth-century missionary publication and later regional education. Texts should be dated and interpreted as documents reflecting orthographic decisions, not as the sole record of earlier speech.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

4. Writing and spelling

Modern Sesotho generally uses Latin-based writing. Orthographic forms can vary across educational traditions and scholarly transcription. Source-specific treatment of digraphs, phonetic segments and tone marks must be preserved when presenting learner examples.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

5. Phonology and clicks

Sesotho phonology includes complex consonants and borrowed or historically integrated click sounds in parts of the lexicon. Tone is also a significant linguistic phenomenon, though many practical orthographies do not mark tonal distinctions consistently. No typological summary should be substituted for documented phonetic contrasts.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

6. Bantu noun classes

Sesotho has a Bantu noun-class and agreement system, including noun prefixes and class-dependent concords. A noun's prefix alone does not provide a reliable translation or a universal singular–plural algorithm; demonstrate the system with attested nominal phrases.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

7. Verbal morphology

Sesotho verbal structures involve subject marking, tense, aspect, negation and derivational extensions. A textbook analysis should rely on complete clauses from a grammar such as Doke and Mofokeng, preserving published examples and citation details.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

8. Syntax and information structure

Basic Sesotho clauses are often described in subject–verb–object order, but grammatical relations, topicalization, focus and agreement require more nuanced analysis. Interlinear annotations should make the connection between original source text and English gloss explicit.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

9. Literary and oral traditions

Sesotho oral poetic forms, historical narratives and literary writing form distinctive bodies of evidence. Original author, place and period should be attributed, and literary usage should not be treated as a universal colloquial register.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

10. Comparative teaching

Sesotho is related to Setswana and Sepedi (Northern Sotho), but wordlists and verb paradigms from those languages cannot be copied as though they were Sesotho. A source-based curriculum should explicitly verify each example's language and variety.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

11. Short documented language data

These illustrative items are limited to explicitly source-supported names or forms. English glosses are contextual rather than unlimited translation templates. They are not a complete conversation or a full paradigm.

Where linguistic form examples are used, consult the corresponding bibliography below for scholarly analysis. Local pronunciation and orthography require direct verification.

12. Comprehensive 90-unit academic learning and research pathway

Ten stages of nine individually numbered research lessons follow. A lesson contains a focus, a research activity and a documented assessment. Attested original-language recordings and grammatical tables must be added separately before treating this syllabus as a complete fluent-language course.

Module 1: Identity and geographic evidence

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 1: Name and local terms. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 2: ISO catalogue identity. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 3: Family tree classification. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 4: Historical locations. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 5: Speech communities. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 6: Variation among speakers. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 7: Printed language histories. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 8: Education and media. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 9: Research evidence audit. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 2: Sound systems and speech

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 10: Sound inventory. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 11: Consonant contrasts. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 12: Vowel contrasts. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 13: Length and gemination. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 14: Tone and prosody. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 15: Syllable patterns. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 16: Pronunciation and audio. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 17: Dialectal phonetics. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 18: Sound comparison portfolio. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 3: Writing traditions

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 19: Historical scripts. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 20: Current orthography. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 21: Special letter forms. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 22: Phonetic transcription. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 23: Romanization questions. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 24: Historical spellings. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 25: Textual source comparison. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 26: Digital typography. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 27: Orthographic review. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 4: Vocabulary and social meaning

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 28: Kinship terms. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 29: Counting and quantities. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 30: Greetings and greetings contexts. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 31: Geography and places. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 32: Time and events. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 33: Landscape and ecology. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 34: Borrowed words. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 35: Lexical polysemy. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 36: Evidence-based dictionary task. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 5: Noun phrase and nominal morphology

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 37: Nouns and classes. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 38: Singular forms. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 39: Plural patterns. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 40: Pronouns. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 41: Possession. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 42: Demonstratives. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 43: Nominal modifiers. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 44: Concord and agreement. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 45: Interlinear noun phrase. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 6: Verbs and clauses

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 46: Verb root analysis. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 47: Subject and person marking. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 48: Tense systems. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 49: Aspect systems. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 50: Negation. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 51: Questions. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 52: Commands. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 53: Clause order. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 54: Interlinear verb clause. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 7: Conversation and pragmatics

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 55: Greeting exchange. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 56: Respectful address. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 57: Conversation turn taking. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 58: Requests and gratitude. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 59: Question-answer adjacency. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 60: Clarifications. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 61: Narrative discourse. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 62: Register differences. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 63: Verified dialogue review. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 8: History and cultural documents

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 64: Historical oral records. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 65: Traditional narratives. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 66: Poetic and literary genres. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 67: Public education. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 68: Modern media. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 69: Multilingual encounters. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 70: Community knowledge terms. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 71: Archival source ethics. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 72: Cultural history essay. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 9: Comparison and corpus science

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 73: Closely related languages. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 74: Regular sound correspondences. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 75: Borrowings versus cognates. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 76: Variation by place. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 77: Competing grammar analyses. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 78: Corpus design. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 79: Audio transcription. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 80: Bibliography comparison. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 81: Comparative research report. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 10: Advanced research assessment

In this module, research the Sesotho evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 82: Evidence ledger. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 83: Source-verified glossary. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 84: Sound analysis. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 85: Nominal morphology study. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 86: Verb morphology study. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 87: Original text commentary. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 88: Community ethics. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 89: Independent source audit. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 90: Final encyclopedia research dossier. Apply this topic to the documented Sesotho linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

13. Materials, practical assessment and research integrity

Proposed additional resources include community-approved audio, reference grammar exercises, annotated narrative excerpts, original script charts, verified word lists, phonetic demonstrations and documentation portfolios. They are curricular design recommendations, not proof that 90 recordings or full textbooks are already uploaded. Suggested research evaluation: citations and direct evidence (25%), sound and orthography analysis (15%), morphology and syntax (25%), sociocultural interpretation and source ethics (15%), independent final paper (20%).

14. Reference bibliography

1. Glottolog Southern Sotho, ISO sot. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
2. ASJP Southern Sotho and Doke–Mofokeng grammar reference. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
3. WALS Sesotho grammar sources. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.

Transparency: the profile’s codes and classification were checked against academic linguistic catalogues. The ninety structured research lessons are not ninety completed target-language textbooks; pronunciation, authentic dialogues and testing require separate community and specialist validation.