1. Community and geographic identity

Äiwoo is associated with Reef Islands, Temotu Province, Solomon Islands. Linguistic classification: Austronesian, Oceanic, Temotu, Reefs–Santa Cruz. ISO 639-3 code: nfl. Different names for the same language must be distinguished from closely related but separately named languages. A language’s age cannot be inferred from its scholarly publication dates.

2. Historical scholarship and fieldwork chronology

Äiwoo is not a Polynesian Outlier and should not be mistaken for Vaeakau–Taumako. Its modern documentation includes Åshild Næss’s field visits in 2004, 2005, and 2015, textual corpus work and the open-access A Short Dictionary of Äiwoo (2017), Asia-Pacific Linguistics 35. That volume contains about 3,500 words and example contexts, and credits the earlier Stephen Wurm, Patrick Bwakolo and Martin Moyiyâ draft dictionary of 1985. Næss and subsequent scholars have investigated the language’s Oceanic classification, its unusually complex verbal morphology, and the relationship between older symmetrical voice and later transitivity structures.

Be precise about whose language forms are recorded and when. Historical research describes one time and often a restricted selection of speakers; it does not imply a current population estimate or a definitive orthographic standard.

3. Original orthography and sound systems

The 2017 dictionary is the appropriate source for individual headword spelling and grammatical class, and its transcription must not be replaced by forms from Natügu. A research paper on plural marking makes clear that not all Oceanic languages mark plurals with the same articles or inflectional system. Pronunciation should be grounded in the dictionary and original recordings.

The existence of contemporary Roman-script writing is not evidence of an ancient separate script. Phonetic symbols, apostrophes, vowel diacritics and morpheme boundaries should be retained when citing source forms.

4. Morphology, syntax and attested constructions

The minimal–augmented person-number system, possessive noun classes, verbs with multiple stems or affixes, voice and argument-structure alternations, and strategies of nominal plural reference are all identifiable research domains in published articles. Äiwoo has no published complete reference grammar in the cited 2025 dissertation; a dictionary and individual studies must not be represented as a comprehensive teaching grammar.

Verbal, nominal and pronominal forms are not interchangeable with those of another Reefs–Santa Cruz language. Source-based teaching materials require original examples with attributable grammatical glosses rather than sentences constructed by analogy.

5. Carefully delimited linguistic examples

The following are short source-based forms, morphological notation or clearly labelled catalogue identifiers. They are not a complete vocabulary and must not be assembled into invented dialogues.

• ee: affirmative response, listed in Næss 2017.
• bä: affirmative or response-related particle; pragmatic interpretation depends on question polarity.
• ngââ: affirmative response recorded in the dictionary.
• ba: negative particle in comparative pragmatic data.

6. Culture, community life and research ethics

Community settlement history, sea and island ecology, genealogies, oral traditions, multilingual networks and literacy movements are relevant research areas only insofar as original sources and community contributors support them. Language archive descriptions can provide a starting point, but speakers retain rights and should be accurately credited. Permission may be required before reprinting recordings, stories and other cultural resources.

7. Named primary scholarly references and archives

1. Åshild Næss (2017), A short dictionary of Äiwoo, Australian National University. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/items/b1f6e38c-a468-4d3a-ad57-769db95a3be9
2. Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia: bibliographic listing. https://marama.huma-num.fr/AFpub_SLIM-volumes_e.htm
3. Næss 2018, Plural-marking strategies in Äiwoo. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26779820
4. Modern analysis of Äiwoo possession and syntactic categories. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11049-024-09623-7

Historical and modern sources can be compared, but complete grammatical paradigms should not be inferred from a bibliography. Expand each future lesson with the precise original page, headword or recording timestamp.

8. Original language-specific research anchors

1. Reef Islands identity and settlements. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
2. Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
3. 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
4. 2017 open-access dictionary. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
5. Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
6. Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
7. minimal–augmented pronouns. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
8. bound nouns and possession. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
9. complex verbal voice. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.
10. nominal plurality and discourse. Identify its exact documentary evidence and distinguish observed forms from unresolved interpretations.

9. Ninety numbered documentary learning objectives

Nine thematic modules of ten lessons. The syllabus addresses historical literacy, source notation, authentic lexicon, morphosyntax, original texts, historical comparison and responsible documentation. Where the language lacks a comprehensive grammar, the corresponding lessons explicitly require research instead of claiming unattested forms are known.

Module 1: Names, communities, documented history — Lessons 1–10

Specific documentary anchor: Reef Islands identity and settlements. Related inquiry: Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

1. Lesson 1: Names and self-designations — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
2. Lesson 2: Island and settlement geography — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
3. Lesson 3: Genealogical classification — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
4. Lesson 4: Language versus dialect evidence — 2017 open-access dictionary. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
5. Lesson 5: First recorded sources — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
6. Lesson 6: Fieldwork chronology — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
7. Lesson 7: Community contributors — minimal–augmented pronouns. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
8. Lesson 8: Archive genres — bound nouns and possession. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
9. Lesson 9: Documentation and demographic caution — complex verbal voice. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
10. Lesson 10: Annotated bibliography — nominal plurality and discourse. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 2: Writing, speech sounds and analysis — Lessons 11–20

Specific documentary anchor: Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Related inquiry: 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

11. Lesson 11: Source grapheme inventories — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
12. Lesson 12: Consonant evidence — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
13. Lesson 13: Vowel qualities — 2017 open-access dictionary. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
14. Lesson 14: Diacritic conventions — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
15. Lesson 15: Syllabic organization — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
16. Lesson 16: Stress evidence — minimal–augmented pronouns. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
17. Lesson 17: Phonemic versus phonetic notation — bound nouns and possession. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
18. Lesson 18: Morpheme boundaries — complex verbal voice. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
19. Lesson 19: Speaker recordings — nominal plurality and discourse. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
20. Lesson 20: Evidence-based pronunciation report — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 3: Vocabulary and original meanings — Lessons 21–30

Specific documentary anchor: 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Related inquiry: 2017 open-access dictionary. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

21. Lesson 21: Dictionary and wordlist provenance — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
22. Lesson 22: Body and kinship terms — 2017 open-access dictionary. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
23. Lesson 23: Coastal and sea vocabulary — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
24. Lesson 24: Plant and animal nomenclature — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
25. Lesson 25: Food and cultivation — minimal–augmented pronouns. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
26. Lesson 26: Spatial and directional expressions — bound nouns and possession. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
27. Lesson 27: Motion and event verbs — complex verbal voice. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
28. Lesson 28: Numerals and quantity — nominal plurality and discourse. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
29. Lesson 29: Multilingual and borrowed words — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
30. Lesson 30: Ten authenticated lexical entries — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 4: People, nouns and possession — Lessons 31–40

Specific documentary anchor: 2017 open-access dictionary. Related inquiry: Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

31. Lesson 31: Person reference — 2017 open-access dictionary. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
32. Lesson 32: Minimal and augmented reference — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
33. Lesson 33: Singular, dual and plural distinctions — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
34. Lesson 34: Pronoun morphology — minimal–augmented pronouns. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
35. Lesson 35: Noun phrase heads — bound nouns and possession. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
36. Lesson 36: Article or classifier evidence — complex verbal voice. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
37. Lesson 37: Direct versus indirect possession — nominal plurality and discourse. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
38. Lesson 38: Alienability and bound roots — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
39. Lesson 39: Demonstratives and deixis — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
40. Lesson 40: Authentic nominal phrase analysis — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 5: Verbal structure and sentence patterns — Lessons 41–50

Specific documentary anchor: Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Related inquiry: Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

41. Lesson 41: Predicate structure — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
42. Lesson 42: Verbal stems and argument patterns — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
43. Lesson 43: Tense and aspect interpretation — minimal–augmented pronouns. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
44. Lesson 44: Voice and transitivity — bound nouns and possession. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
45. Lesson 45: Applicative and valency-changing morphemes — complex verbal voice. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
46. Lesson 46: Negation — nominal plurality and discourse. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
47. Lesson 47: Questions and commands — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
48. Lesson 48: Clause constituent order — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
49. Lesson 49: Clause coordination and subordination — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
50. Lesson 50: Complete passage syntax — 2017 open-access dictionary. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 6: Original narratives and translation — Lessons 51–60

Specific documentary anchor: Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Related inquiry: minimal–augmented pronouns. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

51. Lesson 51: Choose an original text — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
52. Lesson 52: Speaker and collection provenance — minimal–augmented pronouns. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
53. Lesson 53: Exact source transcription — bound nouns and possession. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
54. Lesson 54: Identify word boundaries — complex verbal voice. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
55. Lesson 55: Morpheme segmentation — nominal plurality and discourse. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
56. Lesson 56: Interlinear grammatical glossing — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
57. Lesson 57: Literal translation — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
58. Lesson 58: Natural contextual translation — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
59. Lesson 59: Narrative discourse — 2017 open-access dictionary. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
60. Lesson 60: Critical source commentary — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 7: Historical change and language contact — Lessons 61–70

Specific documentary anchor: minimal–augmented pronouns. Related inquiry: bound nouns and possession. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

61. Lesson 61: Temotu historical relationship — minimal–augmented pronouns. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
62. Lesson 62: Reefs–Santa Cruz comparison — bound nouns and possession. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
63. Lesson 63: Cognates and chance resemblance — complex verbal voice. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
64. Lesson 64: Sound changes — nominal plurality and discourse. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
65. Lesson 65: Borrowing and multilingualism — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
66. Lesson 66: Comparative pronouns — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
67. Lesson 67: Verbal morphology history — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
68. Lesson 68: Source-dated changes — 2017 open-access dictionary. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
69. Lesson 69: Limits of reconstructed forms — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
70. Lesson 70: Documented comparative assessment — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 8: Speaker rights and language continuity — Lessons 71–80

Specific documentary anchor: bound nouns and possession. Related inquiry: complex verbal voice. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

71. Lesson 71: Community intellectual authority — bound nouns and possession. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
72. Lesson 72: Original speakers and collaborators — complex verbal voice. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
73. Lesson 73: Ecological knowledge — nominal plurality and discourse. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
74. Lesson 74: Oral narrative permissions — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
75. Lesson 75: Educational and literacy contexts — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
76. Lesson 76: Language use across generations — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
77. Lesson 77: Multilingual practices — 2017 open-access dictionary. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
78. Lesson 78: Archive rights and access — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
79. Lesson 79: Community text corrections — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
80. Lesson 80: Responsible preservation — minimal–augmented pronouns. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

Module 9: Capstone research and source verification — Lessons 81–90

Specific documentary anchor: complex verbal voice. Related inquiry: nominal plurality and discourse. Students should distinguish native-speaker data from researcher-imposed terminology.

81. Lesson 81: Bibliography with exact citations — complex verbal voice. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
82. Lesson 82: Orthographic concordance — nominal plurality and discourse. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
83. Lesson 83: Sound evidence notebook — Reef Islands identity and settlements. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
84. Lesson 84: Verified mini-dictionary — Næss’s 2004 and 2005 recordings. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
85. Lesson 85: Pronoun analysis — 2015 lexicon fieldwork. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
86. Lesson 86: Original clause analysis — 2017 open-access dictionary. Prepare a contrast between what is actually observed in the language and a hypothesis based only on related languages. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
87. Lesson 87: Annotated authentic text — Wurm–Bwakolo–Moyiyâ draft. Provide an evidence sheet recording the source, collector or narrator, locality, year, original form, grammatical annotation and any doubts. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
88. Lesson 88: Comparative historical essay — Reefs–Santa Cruz Oceanic classification. Assess how community context, text genre and documentation method may affect the interpretation, distinguishing historical facts from current claims. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
89. Lesson 89: Community review and ethics plan — minimal–augmented pronouns. Where an exact expression has not been verified, specify the primary source or speaker-led investigation that would be needed instead of fabricating an example. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.
90. Lesson 90: Ninety-objective documentary portfolio — bound nouns and possession. Work from the cited language-specific manuscript, dictionary, study or recording, and report its exact original spelling and bibliographic location; avoid guessed forms. Assessment: an auditable source note, independently written linguistic explanation and explicit evidence boundary.

10. Editorial status and teaching-material integrity

This is an original encyclopedic profile plus ninety documentary research lesson objectives, not ninety finished textbooks, videos or audio tutorials. Source-poor features are clearly stated as research gaps. Invented indigenous expressions, reconstructed alphabets presented as fact and unverified present-day speaker numbers are excluded. Further work should be checked with original scholars’ sources and, where practicable, community experts.