1. Identity, territory and linguistic classification

East Futunan (Fakafutuna) is historically associated with Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna. Its membership in the Polynesian family can be studied through comparative evidence, yet a language’s individual grammar and forms must be documented from its own sources rather than freely borrowed from a related language.

The name of an island, community, or regional variety can differ from the language name. Identify these explicitly when comparing scholarship across generations.

2. Documentary history, language history and contributors

East Futunan, or Fakafutuna, is an Austronesian Polynesian language of Futuna in Wallis and Futuna. It must not be confused with West Futuna or Futuna-Aniwa in Vanuatu, despite the shared place element in their names. Claire Moyse-Faurie’s research offers established analyses of East Futunan negation (1999) and reciprocal, sociative, reflexive and iterative constructions (2007).

Keep separate the dates when the language was spoken, when its examples were recorded, and when a manuscript or edited grammar was published. Community contributors and editors should not be made invisible in bibliographic accounts.

3. Alphabet, sounds and the limits of transcription

Orthographic and phonetic evidence should be drawn from East Futunan sources rather than substituted with Wallisian or the West Futuna-Aniwa notation. Any explanation of segment inventories, glottal consonants and vowel length should include the original source and its transcription conventions.

A Latin-script source may include typographical symbols, linguistic segmentation and editorial glosses; it is not evidence for an independently attested pre-contact alphabet. Reproduce source signs faithfully and document uncertainty rather than silently standardizing them.

4. Authentic grammar and historical linguistic structures

Moyse-Faurie’s studies of negation and reciprocal, sociative, reflexive and iterative constructions show the importance of working beyond simple wordlists. These constructions require analysis of authentic clauses and the relationships among participants, predicates and argument structure; syntactic categories must not be reproduced mechanically from an unrelated Polynesian language.

Analyze real clauses, source-specific categories and their semantics. Where a grammar is limited to a sketch, label underdescribed areas as research questions instead of asserting complete paradigms. Do not construct purportedly historical speech that has never been attested.

5. Reading original texts and forming useful annotated examples

A trustworthy teaching example contains an original source form, original spelling with diacritics, a traceable bibliographic or archival location, a careful translation, relevant grammatical interpretation and an explicit note on variation. This edition deliberately does not supply fabricated full sentences or invented numeral and pronoun paradigms. Its activities direct students to authentic source passages, lexicons and archival collections.

Begin with the source’s explicitly documented Fakafutuna name evidence. Before repurposing any archival passage for a recorded course, check spelling, speaker attribution, translation context and appropriate permissions.

6. Community life, oral knowledge and critical interpretation

Island environments and movement across Oceanic communities can influence ecology terms, kinship, discourse and naming. Historical records are partial and may reproduce the original observer’s assumptions. Contrast commentary by outside researchers with credited community language experts wherever possible, and avoid treating old demographic estimates as current facts.

7. Specific published sources and research record

1. WALS Online, Futuna (East), ISO 639-3 fud, and cited grammatic studies. https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_fue
2. Claire Moyse-Faurie, academic research profile. https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Moyse-Faurie_Claire

The cited sources substantiate the documentary basis and specific descriptions in this profile. Their listing does not imply that every possible native-language sentence has been independently authenticated. An expanded lesson should cite the page, entry or recording that supports its teaching example.

8. Ninety distinct, source-based study objectives

Nine modules of ten lessons guide learners from history and script to lexicography, linguistic analysis and community-respectful research. Lessons are designed around what evidence can actually be recovered from the named language, rather than promising complete unattested curricula.

Module 1: History, people and language classification — Lessons 1–10

Focus on Futuna geography, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

1. Lesson 1: Language and community names — Futuna geography. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
2. Lesson 2: Island geography and movement — East versus West Futunan. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
3. Lesson 3: Genealogical classification — Fakafutuna name. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
4. Lesson 4: Distinctions from similarly named languages — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
5. Lesson 5: First cited documentary works — negation patterns. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
6. Lesson 6: Historical research chronology — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
7. Lesson 7: Named scholarly contributors — reciprocal constructions. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
8. Lesson 8: Community-speaker attribution — reflexive constructions. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
9. Lesson 9: Historical source limitations — sociative constructions. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
10. Lesson 10: Scholarly bibliography construction — iterative interpretation. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 2: Writing, orthography and pronunciation — Lessons 11–20

Focus on East versus West Futunan, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

11. Lesson 11: Source script and spelling — East versus West Futunan. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
12. Lesson 12: Consonant evidence — Fakafutuna name. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
13. Lesson 13: Vowel evidence — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
14. Lesson 14: Glottal and length notation — negation patterns. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
15. Lesson 15: Syllable structure — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
16. Lesson 16: Stress and prominence — reciprocal constructions. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
17. Lesson 17: Older transcription conventions — reflexive constructions. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
18. Lesson 18: Present-day orthographic research — sociative constructions. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
19. Lesson 19: Recorded pronunciation comparison — iterative interpretation. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
20. Lesson 20: Documented phonological summary — Futuna geography. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 3: Vocabulary, semantics and expressions — Lessons 21–30

Focus on Fakafutuna name, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

21. Lesson 21: Lexicon sources — Fakafutuna name. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
22. Lesson 22: Family terminology — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
23. Lesson 23: Body terminology — negation patterns. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
24. Lesson 24: Nature and weather — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
25. Lesson 25: Ocean and navigation — reciprocal constructions. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
26. Lesson 26: Food and local cultivation — reflexive constructions. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
27. Lesson 27: Actions and motion — sociative constructions. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
28. Lesson 28: Personal and place names — iterative interpretation. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
29. Lesson 29: Contact vocabulary — Futuna geography. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
30. Lesson 30: Ten-entry evidence portfolio — East versus West Futunan. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 4: Nominal structure and pronominal evidence — Lessons 31–40

Focus on Moyse-Faurie 1999, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

31. Lesson 31: Nominal categories — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
32. Lesson 32: Singular pronominal evidence — negation patterns. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
33. Lesson 33: Dual and plural evidence — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
34. Lesson 34: Inclusive and exclusive distinctions — reciprocal constructions. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
35. Lesson 35: Determiners and reference — reflexive constructions. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
36. Lesson 36: Demonstratives — sociative constructions. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
37. Lesson 37: Possessive relationships — iterative interpretation. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
38. Lesson 38: Kinship possession — Futuna geography. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
39. Lesson 39: Word modification — East versus West Futunan. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
40. Lesson 40: Attested phrase analysis — Fakafutuna name. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 5: Verbal structures and sentence composition — Lessons 41–50

Focus on negation patterns, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

41. Lesson 41: Predicate categories — negation patterns. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
42. Lesson 42: Temporal expressions — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
43. Lesson 43: Aspect interpretation — reciprocal constructions. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
44. Lesson 44: Negative clauses — reflexive constructions. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
45. Lesson 45: Interrogative clauses — sociative constructions. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
46. Lesson 46: Directive expressions — iterative interpretation. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
47. Lesson 47: Argument roles — Futuna geography. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
48. Lesson 48: Clause order — East versus West Futunan. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
49. Lesson 49: Derivational processes — Fakafutuna name. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
50. Lesson 50: Attested sentence annotation — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 6: Original texts and narrative interpretation — Lessons 51–60

Focus on Moyse-Faurie 2007, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

51. Lesson 51: Locate an original passage — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
52. Lesson 52: Narrator and collector — reciprocal constructions. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
53. Lesson 53: Document transcription — reflexive constructions. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
54. Lesson 54: Word boundary analysis — sociative constructions. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
55. Lesson 55: Glossing method — iterative interpretation. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
56. Lesson 56: Compare translations — Futuna geography. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
57. Lesson 57: Discourse particles — East versus West Futunan. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
58. Lesson 58: Narrative ordering — Fakafutuna name. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
59. Lesson 59: Cultural interpretation — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
60. Lesson 60: Referenced text commentary — negation patterns. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 7: Historical and comparative linguistics — Lessons 61–70

Focus on reciprocal constructions, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

61. Lesson 61: Comparative Polynesian framework — reciprocal constructions. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
62. Lesson 62: Cognate method — reflexive constructions. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
63. Lesson 63: False cognates — sociative constructions. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
64. Lesson 64: Sound change investigation — iterative interpretation. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
65. Lesson 65: Borrowing hypotheses — Futuna geography. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
66. Lesson 66: Dialectal variation — East versus West Futunan. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
67. Lesson 67: Inter-island contact — Fakafutuna name. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
68. Lesson 68: Dating attested records — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
69. Lesson 69: Limits of reconstruction — negation patterns. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
70. Lesson 70: Comparative research report — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 8: Community knowledge and language transmission — Lessons 71–80

Focus on reflexive constructions, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

71. Lesson 71: Local knowledge systems — reflexive constructions. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
72. Lesson 72: Ecological terminology — sociative constructions. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
73. Lesson 73: Kinship and genealogy — iterative interpretation. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
74. Lesson 74: Oral knowledge ethics — Futuna geography. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
75. Lesson 75: Multilingual contexts — East versus West Futunan. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
76. Lesson 76: Educational use — Fakafutuna name. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
77. Lesson 77: Community ownership — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
78. Lesson 78: Recording permissions — negation patterns. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
79. Lesson 79: Speaker-led verification — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
80. Lesson 80: Archival preservation — reciprocal constructions. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 9: Research synthesis and assessment — Lessons 81–90

Focus on sociative constructions, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

81. Lesson 81: Annotated scholarly bibliography — sociative constructions. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
82. Lesson 82: Orthographic evidence register — iterative interpretation. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
83. Lesson 83: Phonological field note — Futuna geography. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
84. Lesson 84: Verified lexical catalogue — East versus West Futunan. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
85. Lesson 85: Pronoun analysis — Fakafutuna name. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
86. Lesson 86: Verbal construction analysis — Moyse-Faurie 1999. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
87. Lesson 87: Interlinear passage analysis — negation patterns. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
88. Lesson 88: Comparative historical note — Moyse-Faurie 2007. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
89. Lesson 89: Ethical documentation report — reciprocal constructions. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
90. Lesson 90: Final source-verified portfolio — reflexive constructions. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

9. Editorial transparency and quality-control checklist

This page is an academically oriented language encyclopedia and documentary syllabus. There are ninety separately named research lessons, but no assertion that ninety fully authored chapters, checked native-language dialogues or audio lessons already exist. Specific native words and sample sentences must be incorporated only after exact source verification; language labels, community collaborators and historical dates must remain distinct. Community and publisher rights apply to future textbook reproduction.