1. Language identity and location

ANLHE New Ireland and Solomon Islands classification audit (November 2026): Konomala (ISO 639-3 koa) is separately catalogued among New Ireland’s Oceanic languages. An earlier comparative subgrouping places Konomala with the Patpatar–Tolai group, but the degree of certainty of individual internal subgroup placements varies across studies. The Konomala name should not be treated as an alternate spelling of neighboring Sursurunga or Barok. Comparative language documentation.

Konomala is documented in southern New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. The ISO 639-3 language identifier is koa. This identifier is bibliographic metadata, not a word in the language. Related Oceanic languages should not be conflated. Community and regional designations must be checked against named documentation.

2. Documentary chronology and historical sources

Konomala is a separately identified Oceanic language. The ASJP database attributes a wordlist to Matthew S. Dryer and points to the comparative tradition represented by Malcolm Ross (1988). A 2023–ongoing Endangered Language Documentation Programme project seeks to document Konomala alongside Lavatbura-Lamusong, using audiovisual recordings and community knowledge. The project’s historical speaker estimate is approximately 800, but this is an estimate within the project description, not an independently verified 2026 population count.

Dates of the language’s historical existence, a researcher’s fieldwork, a manuscript’s creation and a published edition must remain separately recorded. Where a source notes historical counts, it must not be projected into a present-day demographic statement.

3. Alphabet, pronunciation and orthographic evidence

Historical comparative data can suggest sound correspondences, while contemporary audiovisual documentation can provide a better basis for verifying pronunciation and variation. A 2026 study of Papuan substrate features in New Ireland identifies consonant lenition and unstressed-vowel reduction in regional Oceanic languages, particularly Konomala. This is an argued contact-history analysis, not proof that Konomala is a Papuan language.

Source original spelling, phonetic transcription, morpheme segmentation and modern community orthography are not interchangeable. No independently attested ancient writing system can be concluded from a modern Roman-script edition.

4. Grammar and complete-clause interpretation

The current public resources used here do not support a complete independent description of Konomala’s pronouns, noun classes, tense-aspect or syntax. Accordingly these areas are formulated as research activities requiring source recordings, transcripts and speaker review. No plausible ‘native’ phrase should be generated from neighboring Siar-Lak or Tok Pisin.

Research should foreground original clauses and morphosyntactic context. Any future phrasebook or conjugation tables must contain individually verifiable source examples; stylistic similarity to a related language is not evidence.

5. Documented lexical examples and metadata distinctions

The items below are limited and explicitly qualified by source type. They do not imply a complete teaching vocabulary or permission to generate unattested original-language sentences.

• koa: ISO 639-3 catalogue identifier, not a native language word.
• kono1269: Glottocode identifier.
• Konomala: recorded language designation.

Before extending these examples, check exact historical orthography, semantic context, collector attribution and any rights restrictions on reproducing archived material.

6. Cultural, social and community contexts

The documentation project identifies language shift and multilingual pressure as important research questions. Rather than treating a status label as a uniform social reality, compare language use across generations and speech genres using the project’s recorded evidence, with permissions.

Respect community intellectual authority and differences among regional varieties. The documentation record gives partial observations in particular places and decades; it is not an exhaustive or fixed picture of community life.

7. Identifiable academic and documentary sources

1. ELDP documentation project for Konomala and Lavatbura-Lamusong, commenced 2023. https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/documentation-of-two-oceanic-languages-of-new-ireland-lavatbura-lamusong-and-konomala
2. ASJP Konomala wordlist and bibliography. https://asjp.clld.org/languages/KONOMALA
3. New Ireland language directory, SIL Papua New Guinea. https://pnglanguages.sil.org/resources/provinces/province/New%20Ireland

Bibliographic links identify the cited documents but do not guarantee the availability of complete original recordings or authorize unattributed quotation. Future finished lessons must cite precise source pages, entries or media timestamps.

8. Ninety individually titled source-led lessons

Nine modules contain ten lessons each. Every item specifies a topic and an evidence-oriented task. Grammar categories unsupported by primary sources are presented as investigations, not as invented paradigms.

Module 1: Homeland, naming and linguistic history — Lessons 1–10

Language-specific research anchor: Konomala identity. Complementary case: ASJP/Dryer dataset. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

1. Lesson 1: Local designation and source spellings — Konomala identity. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
2. Lesson 2: Historical place names and geographic distribution — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
3. Lesson 3: Oceanic language classification — Ross 1988 comparison. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
4. Lesson 4: Neighboring languages and source-limited comparison — ELDP 2023 project. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
5. Lesson 5: Chronology of dated records — audiovisual corpus. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
6. Lesson 6: Researchers and community collaborators — Tok Pisin contact. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
7. Lesson 7: Differences among archival editions — intergenerational transmission. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
8. Lesson 8: Internal diversity and locality labels — regional sound change. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
9. Lesson 9: Historical contact and language ecology — speaker attribution. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
10. Lesson 10: Bibliographic source register — unresolved grammar. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 2: Orthography, alphabet and phonology — Lessons 11–20

Language-specific research anchor: ASJP/Dryer dataset. Complementary case: Ross 1988 comparison. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

11. Lesson 11: Documented graphemes — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
12. Lesson 12: Consonant contrasts in primary sources — Ross 1988 comparison. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
13. Lesson 13: Vowel qualities in attested records — ELDP 2023 project. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
14. Lesson 14: Length and gemination evidence — audiovisual corpus. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
15. Lesson 15: Syllable organization — Tok Pisin contact. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
16. Lesson 16: Stress and prosody in recordings — intergenerational transmission. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
17. Lesson 17: Variation among orthographic sources — regional sound change. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
18. Lesson 18: IPA compared with community spelling — speaker attribution. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
19. Lesson 19: Recording to transcription cross-check — unresolved grammar. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
20. Lesson 20: Pronunciation evidence portfolio — Konomala identity. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 3: Vocabulary and semantics — Lessons 21–30

Language-specific research anchor: Ross 1988 comparison. Complementary case: ELDP 2023 project. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

21. Lesson 21: Attested lexicon collection — Ross 1988 comparison. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
22. Lesson 22: Family and kinship terminology — ELDP 2023 project. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
23. Lesson 23: Body-part vocabulary — audiovisual corpus. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
24. Lesson 24: Local place and landscape terminology — Tok Pisin contact. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
25. Lesson 25: Sea and freshwater ecology — intergenerational transmission. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
26. Lesson 26: Food, cultivation and subsistence — regional sound change. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
27. Lesson 27: Movement and direction — speaker attribution. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
28. Lesson 28: Numerals and classifiers — unresolved grammar. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
29. Lesson 29: Loanwords and semantic change — Konomala identity. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
30. Lesson 30: Ten fully referenced vocabulary entries — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 4: Pronouns and nominal constructions — Lessons 31–40

Language-specific research anchor: ELDP 2023 project. Complementary case: audiovisual corpus. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

31. Lesson 31: Personal reference and person categories — ELDP 2023 project. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
32. Lesson 32: Singular patterns in context — audiovisual corpus. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
33. Lesson 33: Dual reference where attested — Tok Pisin contact. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
34. Lesson 34: Trial, paucal or quadral where attested — intergenerational transmission. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
35. Lesson 35: Plural and inclusive distinctions — regional sound change. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
36. Lesson 36: Determiners and noun phrase structure — speaker attribution. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
37. Lesson 37: Possessive relations — unresolved grammar. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
38. Lesson 38: Kinship and inalienability evidence — Konomala identity. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
39. Lesson 39: Demonstrative and deictic forms — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
40. Lesson 40: Annotated nominal passage — Ross 1988 comparison. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 5: Verbs, predicates and grammar — Lessons 41–50

Language-specific research anchor: audiovisual corpus. Complementary case: Tok Pisin contact. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

41. Lesson 41: Verb identification and morphosyntax — audiovisual corpus. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
42. Lesson 42: Transitive versus intransitive constructions — Tok Pisin contact. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
43. Lesson 43: Argument expression — intergenerational transmission. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
44. Lesson 44: Temporal reference — regional sound change. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
45. Lesson 45: Aspect and mood — speaker attribution. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
46. Lesson 46: Negation — unresolved grammar. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
47. Lesson 47: Interrogative sentences — Konomala identity. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
48. Lesson 48: Commands and requests — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
49. Lesson 49: Complex and dependent clauses — Ross 1988 comparison. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
50. Lesson 50: Attested sentence analysis — ELDP 2023 project. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 6: Original texts and interpretation — Lessons 51–60

Language-specific research anchor: Tok Pisin contact. Complementary case: intergenerational transmission. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

51. Lesson 51: Selecting an archive recording or text — Tok Pisin contact. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
52. Lesson 52: Identifying speaker, genre and collection date — intergenerational transmission. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
53. Lesson 53: Exact original orthographic transcription — regional sound change. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
54. Lesson 54: Word-by-word segmentation — speaker attribution. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
55. Lesson 55: Grammatical annotation — unresolved grammar. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
56. Lesson 56: Literal translation boundaries — Konomala identity. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
57. Lesson 57: Idiomatic translation and pragmatics — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
58. Lesson 58: Discourse organization — Ross 1988 comparison. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
59. Lesson 59: Cultural and social context — ELDP 2023 project. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
60. Lesson 60: Scholarly text commentary — audiovisual corpus. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 7: Historical linguistics and contact — Lessons 61–70

Language-specific research anchor: intergenerational transmission. Complementary case: regional sound change. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

61. Lesson 61: Evidence for Oceanic cognates — intergenerational transmission. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
62. Lesson 62: Sound correspondences — regional sound change. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
63. Lesson 63: Borrowing diagnostics — speaker attribution. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
64. Lesson 64: Dialect comparison — unresolved grammar. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
65. Lesson 65: Language contact with Tok Pisin — Konomala identity. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
66. Lesson 66: Change in recorded phonetics — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
67. Lesson 67: Older versus newer grammar terminology — Ross 1988 comparison. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
68. Lesson 68: Uncertainty in linguistic classification — ELDP 2023 project. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
69. Lesson 69: Claims about transmission over time — audiovisual corpus. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
70. Lesson 70: Historically grounded comparative report — Tok Pisin contact. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 8: Community, living practice and ethics — Lessons 71–80

Language-specific research anchor: regional sound change. Complementary case: speaker attribution. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

71. Lesson 71: Speaker identity and intellectual credit — regional sound change. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
72. Lesson 72: Respectful use of local names — speaker attribution. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
73. Lesson 73: Community-controlled knowledge — unresolved grammar. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
74. Lesson 74: Traditional land and sea knowledge — Konomala identity. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
75. Lesson 75: Multilingual social networks — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
76. Lesson 76: Language in childhood and education — Ross 1988 comparison. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
77. Lesson 77: Consent for recordings and examples — ELDP 2023 project. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
78. Lesson 78: Restricted or sensitive narratives — audiovisual corpus. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
79. Lesson 79: Collaborative transcription correction — Tok Pisin contact. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
80. Lesson 80: Sustainable archive and community access — intergenerational transmission. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

Module 9: Advanced research portfolio — Lessons 81–90

Language-specific research anchor: speaker attribution. Complementary case: unresolved grammar. Preserve all original phonetic and orthographic signs and the exact document date.

81. Lesson 81: Verify primary-source bibliography — speaker attribution. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
82. Lesson 82: Compose an orthography concordance — unresolved grammar. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
83. Lesson 83: Build a phonological evidence table — Konomala identity. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
84. Lesson 84: Create the cited mini-lexicon — ASJP/Dryer dataset. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
85. Lesson 85: Evaluate pronominal evidence — Ross 1988 comparison. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
86. Lesson 86: Analyze one attested construction — ELDP 2023 project. Contrast the linguistic hypothesis against an actual fieldnote, dictionary entry or passage. Do not supply a paradigm inferred from a neighboring language. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
87. Lesson 87: Publish an annotated text excerpt with permission — audiovisual corpus. Prepare a two-column observation and interpretation table; label the source year, local variety and uncertainty of each claim. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
88. Lesson 88: Compare one historical and recent source — Tok Pisin contact. Where sources are insufficient, specify the exact recording, speaker consultation or document needed to investigate the feature, rather than pretending it is already known. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
89. Lesson 89: Prepare community-feedback protocol — intergenerational transmission. Explain the role of this feature within a source-specific historical or cultural context; finish with a falsifiable research question. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.
90. Lesson 90: Submit final 90-lesson research dossier — regional sound change. Consult the language-specific named witness. Copy only an attested short item, recording its source location, transcription convention and exact English gloss; explain what the item establishes. Assessment: verified documentary reference, original commentary and a statement distinguishing secure observations from unresolved questions.

9. Editorial and research integrity

This is an original encyclopedic profile and a ninety-objective documentary curriculum. It is not a claim that ninety complete bilingual chapters or lectures have been produced. No invented ancient alphabets, unsupported quotations, speculative current speaker totals or plausible but unattested native sentences are represented as verified. Expanded lesson texts should be reviewed against cited pages and, where possible, by community language experts.