1. Language identity and geographic background

ANLHE Solomon Islands linguistic identity audit (November 2026): Lau (Malaita) is an Oceanic language associated with northern Malaita in the Solomon Islands. It must not be confused with the unrelated local names containing Lau elsewhere in the Pacific, and should not be treated as an alternate name for To’abaita or Kwara’ae. The original village, date and source of examples are necessary for reliable comparison. Language inventory and classification reference.

The Lau language discussed here is the Oceanic language of northern Malaita, Solomon Islands, not languages elsewhere called Lau. Its historical setting includes artificial lagoon islets along the northeastern Malaita coast and some related communities elsewhere on Malaita. Associated region: northeastern Malaita and adjacent communities, Solomon Islands. ISO 639-3 identifier: llu. This identifier is archival metadata, not a vocabulary word.

2. Historical scholarship and documentary timeline

Ivens’s Grammar and Vocabulary of the Lau Language is an early extensive dictionary and grammar; his 1929 BSOAS article gives a separate grammatical study. He documents a relationship to Saʻa while providing specific Lau examples and orthographic notes. These early references use colonial-era geographic language, which should not be presented as contemporary community terminology without a check.

Historical source labels and dated population claims must never be treated as verified present-day demographic facts. Authors, community contributors, digital transcribers and editors have different roles and should be credited independently.

3. Writing, sound systems and source transcription

Ivens’s 1929 account contrasts some northern Malaita inland consonant sounds with Lau, including prenasalized stop correspondences and a contrast between Lau h and related s or th forms. These are historical comparative descriptions rather than a complete modern phonological inventory.

Old Latin script conventions, phonetic notation and contemporary spelling practices are not necessarily equivalent. The existence of a historical grammar does not establish the existence of an ancient native alphabet.

4. Original grammar and documented constructions

The published Lau grammar documents article distinctions including na, si, ta and te, as well as plural markers and pronominal constructions. In the original text, na noni is glossed as ‘the body’ and si doo ne as ‘the thing’; learners must preserve full contextual citations before generalizing article semantics. It also documents affixes attached to verbs, nouns and possessive expressions.

Grammatical generalizations must be tested against original examples. Reconstructing a plausible sentence by combining related languages’ vocabulary would be misleading and is excluded.

5. Selected source-grounded lexical evidence

These entries are limited to forms documented in the cited research or explicitly identified names and metadata; they do not constitute a complete phrasebook.

• na noni: the body, attested in Ivens’s grammar.
• si doo ne: the thing, attested in Ivens’s grammar.
• aabu: forbidden or sacred in historical Lau dictionary.
• gamoro: second-person dual pronoun, historical source.

For future teaching dialogues, original text, context, exact gloss, phonological interpretation and source location must be cross-checked before publication.

6. Language, cultural history and community knowledge

Oral narratives, maritime life, local place names, family relations and language contact offer relevant contextual themes. Research should not treat colonial-period accounts as a timeless description of local speech or community life. Permissions, intellectual attribution and appropriate forms of community review are integral to language preservation.

7. Scholarly bibliography and accessible primary records

1. Walter G. Ivens, Grammar and Vocabulary of the Lau Language, Carnegie Institution publication 300. https://books.google.com/books/about/Grammar_and_Vocabulary_of_the_Lau_Langua.html?id=PmgOAAAAYAAJ
2. Walter G. Ivens, A Grammar of the Lau Language, BSOAS 1929. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00122736
3. Transcribed original Lau vocabulary and grammar (public-domain text). https://www.cyberlibrary.org/en/books/grammar-and-vocabulary-of-the-lau-language-solomon-islands-5762/chapters/1/

These named works ground the page’s documentary claims. The full individual teaching examples must be checked against exact pages or dictionary records rather than inferred from an index alone.

8. Distinctive language-focused research themes

1. Lau northeast Malaita coast
2. artificial lagoon islets
3. Ivens grammar and vocabulary
4. 1929 Lau grammar article
5. article na
6. article si
7. ta and te determiners
8. second-person dual pronouns
9. regional consonant correspondences
10. historical educational texts

9. Nine-module, ninety-lesson research framework

The modules progress from language identity and transcription to grammar, text analysis, comparative scholarship and community-led archival practice. Topics requiring new evidence are explicitly framed as investigations, not unsupported facts.

Module 1: Linguistic identity and original documentation — Lessons 1–10

Unique source anchor: Lau northeast Malaita coast; relevant further topic: artificial lagoon islets. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

1. Lesson 1: Community name and locality — Lau northeast Malaita coast. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
2. Lesson 2: Language genealogy — artificial lagoon islets. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
3. Lesson 3: Similar names in other regions — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
4. Lesson 4: Earliest named research source — 1929 Lau grammar article. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
5. Lesson 5: Research and publication chronology — article na. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
6. Lesson 6: Named contributor roles — article si. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
7. Lesson 7: Comparative source limitations — ta and te determiners. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
8. Lesson 8: Source-dated settlement evidence — second-person dual pronouns. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
9. Lesson 9: Archive edition identification — regional consonant correspondences. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
10. Lesson 10: Full bibliographic metadata — historical educational texts. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 2: Alphabet, phonology and historical orthography — Lessons 11–20

Unique source anchor: artificial lagoon islets; relevant further topic: Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

11. Lesson 11: Original spelling conventions — artificial lagoon islets. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
12. Lesson 12: Documented consonants — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
13. Lesson 13: Documented vowels — 1929 Lau grammar article. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
14. Lesson 14: Syllabification evidence — article na. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
15. Lesson 15: Stress and prosody — article si. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
16. Lesson 16: Vowel alternations where cited — ta and te determiners. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
17. Lesson 17: Source-specific diacritics — second-person dual pronouns. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
18. Lesson 18: Phonemic versus phonetic notation — regional consonant correspondences. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
19. Lesson 19: Community writing conventions — historical educational texts. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
20. Lesson 20: Source-based pronunciation portfolio — Lau northeast Malaita coast. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 3: Attested lexicon and semantic interpretation — Lessons 21–30

Unique source anchor: Ivens grammar and vocabulary; relevant further topic: 1929 Lau grammar article. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

21. Lesson 21: Dictionary identification — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
22. Lesson 22: Original-language headwords — 1929 Lau grammar article. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
23. Lesson 23: Body terminology — article na. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
24. Lesson 24: Kinship vocabulary — article si. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
25. Lesson 25: Natural environments — ta and te determiners. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
26. Lesson 26: Sea and travel expressions — second-person dual pronouns. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
27. Lesson 27: Food and subsistence — regional consonant correspondences. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
28. Lesson 28: Numerals and counting — historical educational texts. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
29. Lesson 29: Borrowing and semantic change — Lau northeast Malaita coast. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
30. Lesson 30: Ten documented lexical entries — artificial lagoon islets. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 4: Pronouns, articles and noun phrases — Lessons 31–40

Unique source anchor: 1929 Lau grammar article; relevant further topic: article na. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

31. Lesson 31: Personal pronouns — 1929 Lau grammar article. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
32. Lesson 32: Person and number — article na. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
33. Lesson 33: Inclusive and exclusive reference — article si. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
34. Lesson 34: Dual or other number if attested — ta and te determiners. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
35. Lesson 35: Definite and indefinite marking — second-person dual pronouns. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
36. Lesson 36: Demonstratives — regional consonant correspondences. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
37. Lesson 37: Possessive markers — historical educational texts. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
38. Lesson 38: Object pronouns — Lau northeast Malaita coast. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
39. Lesson 39: Nominal modifier order — artificial lagoon islets. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
40. Lesson 40: Attested noun phrase annotation — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 5: Verbal and clause morphology — Lessons 41–50

Unique source anchor: article na; relevant further topic: article si. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

41. Lesson 41: Verb classes — article na. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
42. Lesson 42: Transitive morphology — article si. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
43. Lesson 43: Aspect evidence — ta and te determiners. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
44. Lesson 44: Temporal interpretation — second-person dual pronouns. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
45. Lesson 45: Negation patterns — regional consonant correspondences. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
46. Lesson 46: Questions and commands — historical educational texts. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
47. Lesson 47: Object marking — Lau northeast Malaita coast. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
48. Lesson 48: Clause constituent order — artificial lagoon islets. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
49. Lesson 49: Complex clause relations — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
50. Lesson 50: Original clause analysis — 1929 Lau grammar article. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 6: Reading, translating and discussing original texts — Lessons 51–60

Unique source anchor: article si; relevant further topic: ta and te determiners. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

51. Lesson 51: Locate original texts — article si. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
52. Lesson 52: Identify speaker or editor — ta and te determiners. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
53. Lesson 53: Preserve source orthography — second-person dual pronouns. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
54. Lesson 54: Segment a short passage — regional consonant correspondences. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
55. Lesson 55: Gloss grammatical markers — historical educational texts. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
56. Lesson 56: Literal translation — Lau northeast Malaita coast. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
57. Lesson 57: Contextual translation — artificial lagoon islets. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
58. Lesson 58: Discourse particles — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
59. Lesson 59: Cultural interpretation — 1929 Lau grammar article. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
60. Lesson 60: Evidence-based commentary — article na. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 7: Historical comparison and contact — Lessons 61–70

Unique source anchor: ta and te determiners; relevant further topic: second-person dual pronouns. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

61. Lesson 61: Subgroup relationships — ta and te determiners. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
62. Lesson 62: Check apparent cognates — second-person dual pronouns. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
63. Lesson 63: Historical sound correspondences — regional consonant correspondences. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
64. Lesson 64: Loanword diagnosis — historical educational texts. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
65. Lesson 65: Contact and multilingualism — Lau northeast Malaita coast. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
66. Lesson 66: Old and new source differences — artificial lagoon islets. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
67. Lesson 67: Dialect variation — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
68. Lesson 68: Archival evidence biases — 1929 Lau grammar article. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
69. Lesson 69: Limits of reconstruction — article na. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
70. Lesson 70: Documented comparative report — article si. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 8: Community stewardship and living language — Lessons 71–80

Unique source anchor: second-person dual pronouns; relevant further topic: regional consonant correspondences. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

71. Lesson 71: Community language knowledge — second-person dual pronouns. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
72. Lesson 72: Historical versus contemporary use — regional consonant correspondences. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
73. Lesson 73: Speaker and contributor credit — historical educational texts. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
74. Lesson 74: Educational literacy work — Lau northeast Malaita coast. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
75. Lesson 75: Ecological vocabulary — artificial lagoon islets. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
76. Lesson 76: Ceremonial and social registers — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
77. Lesson 77: Recording consent — 1929 Lau grammar article. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
78. Lesson 78: Text reproduction rights — article na. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
79. Lesson 79: Community review process — article si. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
80. Lesson 80: Sustainable documentation — ta and te determiners. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 9: Advanced research dossier — Lessons 81–90

Unique source anchor: regional consonant correspondences; relevant further topic: historical educational texts. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

81. Lesson 81: Verify bibliography — regional consonant correspondences. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
82. Lesson 82: Build orthography chart — historical educational texts. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
83. Lesson 83: Prepare phonological analysis — Lau northeast Malaita coast. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
84. Lesson 84: Compile verified vocabulary — artificial lagoon islets. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
85. Lesson 85: Pronoun evidence report — Ivens grammar and vocabulary. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
86. Lesson 86: Verb evidence report — 1929 Lau grammar article. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
87. Lesson 87: Annotate a source passage — article na. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
88. Lesson 88: Comparative study — article si. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
89. Lesson 89: Research ethics plan — ta and te determiners. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
90. Lesson 90: Final ninety-objective portfolio — second-person dual pronouns. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

10. Standards and publication status

Ninety separately specified documentary study objectives are included; ninety complete textbooks, lectures, native-language conversations or audio courses are not claimed. No unsupported language forms or demographic guesses are represented as verified. Further development requires original-source excerpts with citation and appropriate community or copyright permissions.