Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) — ANLHE Historical Language Encyclopedia and 90-Lesson Research Guide
An evidence-based language profile combining documented history, authentic phonology, historical script and writing changes, lexicon, sociolinguistics, and a ninety-lesson research syllabus.
1. Geography, community identity and earliest documentary history
Pije is a northern Kanak Oceanic Austronesian language of New Caledonia. It is not another designation for Fwâi, Jawe or Nèmi; treat each as a separate community language with its own sources. The Kanak Language Academy records 183 speakers older than 14 in the ISEE 2009 census and identifies Pije as strongly endangered in UNESCO’s assessment. The Academy profile includes a Pije-language lullaby in its original corpus. These provide direct evidence for a song genre and dated vitality information, but not a full independent reference grammar or a verified 2026 speaker count. A language is not assumed to begin at the date of its first printed description. Dated demographic reports are not current population estimates.
2. Writing, pronunciation, alphabet and original phonemes
The official Pije page does not supply a complete reliable phoneme table or an early written alphabet history. Document the original spellings in the recorded lullaby and transcribe any source example exactly; do not infer phonology from Jawe merely because of regional proximity. Keep original diacritics, phonetic and orthographic conventions intact. Alphabet letter totals, phoneme inventories and tonological analysis require source- and edition-specific attribution. This publication does not infer an independent prehistoric script from modern Roman spelling.
3. Vocabulary, grammatical structures and authentic examples
Original Pije lullaby material supports cautious work on poetic register, repetition, kinship and traditional child-care language, subject to accurate transcription and translation. A specialist grammar or field recordings must be used before asserting Pije-specific person prefixes, article forms, verb aspect or sentence examples. Any example sentence must come from an original recorded utterance or published linguistic source; a speculative example should not be represented as real Kanak usage. Language varieties with little accessible research need more primary evidence, not fabricated paradigms.
4. Documented primary references and historical witnesses
Kanak Language Academy, Pije language profile (ISEE 2009, 183 speakers above 14; endangered status) and its original Pije lullaby, identified as ‘Berceuse en langue pije’.
When a source is an agency profile rather than a grammar, that limitation is clearly identified. Authentic lexical examples and titles are attributed to the Kanak Language Academy, and any expanded analysis requires consulting the original language text, author or recording.
5. Original-language text reading procedure
Locate a citable printed reference, official Kanak language corpus or original community recording. Capture author, document date, source variety and transcription signs. Preserve original words rather than normalizing away historic tone marks or vowel signs. Compare literal gloss and cultural meaning with named scholarly descriptions and distinguish attested data from proposed analyses.
6. Oral knowledge, language contact and cultural heritage
Kanak oral traditions connect communities through social narratives, landscape knowledge, coastal ecology, yam cultivation, building practices, children’s songs and oral testimony. Academic documentation should credit local speaker and educator participation. A short official web profile may not adequately reflect the full range of community cultural knowledge and should not be represented as exhaustive.
7. Historical accuracy and research caveats
Drubea and Numèè have different phonological and orthographic traditions; Jawe, Fwâi and Pije are independently identified northern Kanak languages. Incomplete source information or inconsistent phoneme counts should be stated rather than silently ‘fixed’. Comparative Oceanic linguistic similarities are not direct evidence of an unattested word in another language.
8. Ninety individually titled documentary research lessons
Nine modules of ten distinct numbered objectives offer a structured ninety-lesson research syllabus. These objectives do not imply ninety completed book chapters, videos, audiobooks or printable course PDFs.
Module 1: Geographic history and documentary chronology — Lessons 1–10
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 1: Linguistic subgroup — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 2: Homeland and localities — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 3: Community language name — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 4: Neighbor-language distinctions — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 5: First verifiable records — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 6: Original documented publication — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 7: Researchers and community speakers — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 8: Census year and evidence — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 9: Archive or dictionary scope — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 10: Oral versus written chronology — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 2: Sound systems, writing and historical spellings — Lessons 11–20
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 11: Alphabet and basic letters — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 12: Recorded vowel categories — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 13: Consonantal contrasts — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 14: Long and short vowel if attested — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 15: Tone where documented — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 16: Original orthographic marks — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 17: Accurate diacritic transcription — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 18: Sound versus grapheme — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 19: Historic writing revision — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 20: Unverified script claims — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 3: Lexicon, natural history and words — Lessons 21–30
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 21: Source-attested self designation — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 22: Kinship and family words — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 23: Natural-environment vocabulary — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 24: Crops and yam terminology — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 25: Local building expressions — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 26: Water and marine terms — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 27: Recorded animal names — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 28: Comparative loanwords — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 29: Original lexical form documentation — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 30: Dictionary-verified meaning — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 4: Nominal reference and phrase structure — Lessons 31–40
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 31: Pronoun categories — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 32: Singular and plural — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 33: Demonstratives — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 34: Possession and ownership — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 35: Nominal articles if attested — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 36: Nominal classes if evidenced — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 37: Number expressions — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 38: Adjective and noun modification — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 39: Compound noun analysis — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 40: Authentic source noun phrase — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 5: Verbal constructions and discourse — Lessons 41–50
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 41: Identify predicates — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 42: Verbal aspect if verified — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 43: Tense and mood where attested — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 44: Negation constructions — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 45: Question expressions — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 46: Commands — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 47: Argument structure — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 48: Complex clauses — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 49: Poetic and narrative style — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 50: Interlinear source analysis — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 6: Using a genuine original document — Lessons 51–60
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 51: Locate academy profile — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 52: Identify bibliographic date — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 53: Read an original dictionary item — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 54: Listen to community recording — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 55: Copy exact original spelling — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 56: Annotate documented sounds — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 57: Separate original from translation — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 58: Record genre and speaker — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 59: Find source limitations — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 60: Provide a reproducible citation — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 7: Kanak community heritage — Lessons 61–70
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 61: Traditional settlement — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 62: Kinship relations — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 63: Yam cultivation — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 64: Marine ecology — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 65: Bird and animal narratives — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 66: Lullaby and song traditions — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 67: Customary house construction — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 68: Community language education — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 69: Contributors to oral archives — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 70: Responsible cultural description — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 8: Comparative scholarship and uncertainty — Lessons 71–80
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 71: Identify separate Kanak languages — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 72: Compare regional documentary evidence — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 73: Verify tone before claiming — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 74: Avoid invented sound counts — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 75: Distinguish dated census figures — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 76: Borrowings and language contact — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 77: Spelling revisions — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 78: Lack of source as limitation — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 79: Academic bibliography checks — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 80: Ethical original-text quotation — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
Module 9: Independent annotated historical portfolio — Lessons 81–90
Research the documented sources of Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia) and distinguish genuinely attested material from comparative hypotheses.
- Lesson 81: Select reliable original witness — Comparative Jawe caution. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 82: Identify exact archive item — Documenting oral genre. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 83: Preserve original spelling — Northern Kanak Pije. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 84: Explain phonemic issue — ISEE census year 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 85: Annotate authentic word — 183 adult speakers in 2009. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 86: Discuss nominal structure if evidenced — UNESCO endangerment report. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 87: Discuss predicate if evidenced — Agency original lullaby. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 88: Compare reference versions — Language preservation. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 89: List unresolved questions — Source phonology limitations. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
- Lesson 90: Compile cited scholarly note — No fabricated original sentences. Identify a reliable academy corpus, original dictionary, historical publication or specialist language source, then produce a source-specific note on original spelling, meaning, speaker context and evidence limitations.
9. Original academy and scholarly evidence
Read the original Kanak Language Academy language profile for Documented Pije (Northern New Caledonia). Check original cited publications and oral corpus for full source-language passages, exact pronunciation and dialectal differences.
10. Final original-source study
Select one source-authenticated word, narrative, song or glossary entry, record its provenance, transcribe without changing symbols and explain supported linguistic categories. Include a note on unresolved data and potential dialect distinctions. Return to ANLHE historical language profiles.