1. Identity, territory and linguistic classification

Pukapukan is historically associated with Pukapuka, northern Cook Islands, and communities formed through migration. Its membership in the Polynesian family can be studied through comparative evidence, yet a language’s individual grammar and forms must be documented from its own sources rather than freely borrowed from a related language.

The name of an island, community, or regional variety can differ from the language name. Identify these explicitly when comparing scholarship across generations.

2. Documentary history, language history and contributors

Ernest and Pearl Beaglehole recorded the language during their field research and assembled a major lexical collection. Pearl completed an extensive dictionary typescript in the 1940s; the dictionary was located and edited for publication decades later with Kevin Salisbury and Mataora Tutai and appeared in 1991. Mary Salisbury’s A Grammar of Pukapukan supplies an essential modern pedagogical and descriptive framework, and the Pukapukan fieldnotes archive preserves attribution to numerous community contributors.

Keep separate the dates when the language was spoken, when its examples were recorded, and when a manuscript or edited grammar was published. Community contributors and editors should not be made invisible in bibliographic accounts.

3. Alphabet, sounds and the limits of transcription

The Beaglehole dictionary and subsequent grammar discuss vowel length, stress and spelling. Students should compare old dictionary transcription with the conventions of the later grammar and avoid treating editorial choices as unchanging historical facts.

A Latin-script source may include typographical symbols, linguistic segmentation and editorial glosses; it is not evidence for an independently attested pre-contact alphabet. Reproduce source signs faithfully and document uncertainty rather than silently standardizing them.

4. Authentic grammar and historical linguistic structures

Documented areas of study include pronouns, case or grammatical relations, morphosyntax, predicate structure, negation, possession and oral narratives. Sandra Chung’s 1978 research on Polynesian case and grammatical relations used Pukapukan source material and field data, offering an additional avenue for comparative analysis.

Analyze real clauses, source-specific categories and their semantics. Where a grammar is limited to a sketch, label underdescribed areas as research questions instead of asserting complete paradigms. Do not construct purportedly historical speech that has never been attested.

5. Reading original texts and forming useful annotated examples

A trustworthy teaching example contains an original source form, original spelling with diacritics, a traceable bibliographic or archival location, a careful translation, relevant grammatical interpretation and an explicit note on variation. This edition deliberately does not supply fabricated full sentences or invented numeral and pronoun paradigms. Its activities direct students to authentic source passages, lexicons and archival collections.

Begin with the source’s explicitly documented Pearl Beaglehole evidence. Before repurposing any archival passage for a recorded course, check spelling, speaker attribution, translation context and appropriate permissions.

6. Community life, oral knowledge and critical interpretation

Island environments and movement across Oceanic communities can influence ecology terms, kinship, discourse and naming. Historical records are partial and may reproduce the original observer’s assumptions. Contrast commentary by outside researchers with credited community language experts wherever possible, and avoid treating old demographic estimates as current facts.

7. Specific published sources and research record

1. Mary Salisbury, A Grammar of Pukapukan, open text and historical introduction. https://pukapuka.world/archive/Pukapukan-Grammar_Web.pdf
2. Pukapukan collaborative dictionary project. https://pukapuka.world/dictionary/
3. Pukapukan fieldnotes archive, detailed index and research contributions. https://fieldnotes.cdn.publicanthropology.org/pdf/detailed_outline.pdf

The cited sources substantiate the documentary basis and specific descriptions in this profile. Their listing does not imply that every possible native-language sentence has been independently authenticated. An expanded lesson should cite the page, entry or recording that supports its teaching example.

8. Ninety distinct, source-based study objectives

Nine modules of ten lessons guide learners from history and script to lexicography, linguistic analysis and community-respectful research. Lessons are designed around what evidence can actually be recovered from the named language, rather than promising complete unattested curricula.

Module 1: History, people and language classification — Lessons 1–10

Focus on Beaglehole fieldwork, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

1. Lesson 1: Language and community names — Beaglehole fieldwork. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
2. Lesson 2: Island geography and movement — 1991 dictionary. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
3. Lesson 3: Genealogical classification — Pearl Beaglehole. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
4. Lesson 4: Distinctions from similarly named languages — Kevin Salisbury. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
5. Lesson 5: First cited documentary works — Mataora Tutai. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
6. Lesson 6: Historical research chronology — Mary Salisbury grammar. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
7. Lesson 7: Named scholarly contributors — Sandra Chung 1978. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
8. Lesson 8: Community-speaker attribution — historical vowel length. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
9. Lesson 9: Historical source limitations — community fieldnotes. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
10. Lesson 10: Scholarly bibliography construction — speaker acknowledgements. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 2: Writing, orthography and pronunciation — Lessons 11–20

Focus on 1991 dictionary, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

11. Lesson 11: Source script and spelling — 1991 dictionary. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
12. Lesson 12: Consonant evidence — Pearl Beaglehole. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
13. Lesson 13: Vowel evidence — Kevin Salisbury. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
14. Lesson 14: Glottal and length notation — Mataora Tutai. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
15. Lesson 15: Syllable structure — Mary Salisbury grammar. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
16. Lesson 16: Stress and prominence — Sandra Chung 1978. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
17. Lesson 17: Older transcription conventions — historical vowel length. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
18. Lesson 18: Present-day orthographic research — community fieldnotes. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
19. Lesson 19: Recorded pronunciation comparison — speaker acknowledgements. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
20. Lesson 20: Documented phonological summary — Beaglehole fieldwork. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 3: Vocabulary, semantics and expressions — Lessons 21–30

Focus on Pearl Beaglehole, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

21. Lesson 21: Lexicon sources — Pearl Beaglehole. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
22. Lesson 22: Family terminology — Kevin Salisbury. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
23. Lesson 23: Body terminology — Mataora Tutai. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
24. Lesson 24: Nature and weather — Mary Salisbury grammar. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
25. Lesson 25: Ocean and navigation — Sandra Chung 1978. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
26. Lesson 26: Food and local cultivation — historical vowel length. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
27. Lesson 27: Actions and motion — community fieldnotes. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
28. Lesson 28: Personal and place names — speaker acknowledgements. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
29. Lesson 29: Contact vocabulary — Beaglehole fieldwork. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
30. Lesson 30: Ten-entry evidence portfolio — 1991 dictionary. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 4: Nominal structure and pronominal evidence — Lessons 31–40

Focus on Kevin Salisbury, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

31. Lesson 31: Nominal categories — Kevin Salisbury. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
32. Lesson 32: Singular pronominal evidence — Mataora Tutai. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
33. Lesson 33: Dual and plural evidence — Mary Salisbury grammar. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
34. Lesson 34: Inclusive and exclusive distinctions — Sandra Chung 1978. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
35. Lesson 35: Determiners and reference — historical vowel length. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
36. Lesson 36: Demonstratives — community fieldnotes. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
37. Lesson 37: Possessive relationships — speaker acknowledgements. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
38. Lesson 38: Kinship possession — Beaglehole fieldwork. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
39. Lesson 39: Word modification — 1991 dictionary. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
40. Lesson 40: Attested phrase analysis — Pearl Beaglehole. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 5: Verbal structures and sentence composition — Lessons 41–50

Focus on Mataora Tutai, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

41. Lesson 41: Predicate categories — Mataora Tutai. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
42. Lesson 42: Temporal expressions — Mary Salisbury grammar. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
43. Lesson 43: Aspect interpretation — Sandra Chung 1978. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
44. Lesson 44: Negative clauses — historical vowel length. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
45. Lesson 45: Interrogative clauses — community fieldnotes. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
46. Lesson 46: Directive expressions — speaker acknowledgements. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
47. Lesson 47: Argument roles — Beaglehole fieldwork. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
48. Lesson 48: Clause order — 1991 dictionary. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
49. Lesson 49: Derivational processes — Pearl Beaglehole. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
50. Lesson 50: Attested sentence annotation — Kevin Salisbury. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 6: Original texts and narrative interpretation — Lessons 51–60

Focus on Mary Salisbury grammar, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

51. Lesson 51: Locate an original passage — Mary Salisbury grammar. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
52. Lesson 52: Narrator and collector — Sandra Chung 1978. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
53. Lesson 53: Document transcription — historical vowel length. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
54. Lesson 54: Word boundary analysis — community fieldnotes. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
55. Lesson 55: Glossing method — speaker acknowledgements. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
56. Lesson 56: Compare translations — Beaglehole fieldwork. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
57. Lesson 57: Discourse particles — 1991 dictionary. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
58. Lesson 58: Narrative ordering — Pearl Beaglehole. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
59. Lesson 59: Cultural interpretation — Kevin Salisbury. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
60. Lesson 60: Referenced text commentary — Mataora Tutai. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 7: Historical and comparative linguistics — Lessons 61–70

Focus on Sandra Chung 1978, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

61. Lesson 61: Comparative Polynesian framework — Sandra Chung 1978. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
62. Lesson 62: Cognate method — historical vowel length. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
63. Lesson 63: False cognates — community fieldnotes. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
64. Lesson 64: Sound change investigation — speaker acknowledgements. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
65. Lesson 65: Borrowing hypotheses — Beaglehole fieldwork. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
66. Lesson 66: Dialectal variation — 1991 dictionary. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
67. Lesson 67: Inter-island contact — Pearl Beaglehole. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
68. Lesson 68: Dating attested records — Kevin Salisbury. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
69. Lesson 69: Limits of reconstruction — Mataora Tutai. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
70. Lesson 70: Comparative research report — Mary Salisbury grammar. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 8: Community knowledge and language transmission — Lessons 71–80

Focus on historical vowel length, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

71. Lesson 71: Local knowledge systems — historical vowel length. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
72. Lesson 72: Ecological terminology — community fieldnotes. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
73. Lesson 73: Kinship and genealogy — speaker acknowledgements. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
74. Lesson 74: Oral knowledge ethics — Beaglehole fieldwork. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
75. Lesson 75: Multilingual contexts — 1991 dictionary. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
76. Lesson 76: Educational use — Pearl Beaglehole. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
77. Lesson 77: Community ownership — Kevin Salisbury. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
78. Lesson 78: Recording permissions — Mataora Tutai. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
79. Lesson 79: Speaker-led verification — Mary Salisbury grammar. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
80. Lesson 80: Archival preservation — Sandra Chung 1978. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

Module 9: Research synthesis and assessment — Lessons 81–90

Focus on community fieldnotes, including original documentary variants and their language-specific interpretation. Every lesson must produce a verifiable reference and distinguish observation from hypothesis.

81. Lesson 81: Annotated scholarly bibliography — community fieldnotes. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
82. Lesson 82: Orthographic evidence register — speaker acknowledgements. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
83. Lesson 83: Phonological field note — Beaglehole fieldwork. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
84. Lesson 84: Verified lexical catalogue — 1991 dictionary. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
85. Lesson 85: Pronoun analysis — Pearl Beaglehole. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
86. Lesson 86: Verbal construction analysis — Kevin Salisbury. Compare the historical and modern treatment when both are available. Avoid supplying invented native-language sentences when evidence is insufficient. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
87. Lesson 87: Interlinear passage analysis — Mataora Tutai. Find the relevant original entry, passage or recording, preserve its exact orthography and give an identifiable citation. Explain what the evidence directly establishes. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
88. Lesson 88: Comparative historical note — Mary Salisbury grammar. Prepare an annotated evidence table with source date, speaker or author if known, original form, editorial transcription, gloss and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
89. Lesson 89: Ethical documentation report — Sandra Chung 1978. Produce a concise research note based on the cited resource, documenting any information that still requires a dictionary, archive or community check. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.
90. Lesson 90: Final source-verified portfolio — historical vowel length. Assess how the topic is described in the language-specific source and distinguish its observed forms from a hypothesis based on related Polynesian languages. Deliverable: a source record, a linguistic explanation and a limitation note.

9. Editorial transparency and quality-control checklist

This page is an academically oriented language encyclopedia and documentary syllabus. There are ninety separately named research lessons, but no assertion that ninety fully authored chapters, checked native-language dialogues or audio lessons already exist. Specific native words and sample sentences must be incorporated only after exact source verification; language labels, community collaborators and historical dates must remain distinct. Community and publisher rights apply to future textbook reproduction.