1. Community and linguistic identity

ANLHE Micronesia and New Ireland taxonomy audit (November 2026): Puluwatese belongs to the Eastern Chuukic branch of Oceanic and is related to Chuukese and Mortlockese. Geographic proximity and partial mutual intelligibility do not make it the same language as Woleaian or Satawalese, which comparative classification places elsewhere within Chuukic. Examples must follow the documented Puluwatese variety and its orthography. Source for comparative classification.

Puluwatese is associated with Puluwat Atoll and affiliated outer-island communities of Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia. Classification: Austronesian, Oceanic, Micronesian, Chuukic. Puluwatese has a distinct documentary tradition, even though it shares features with neighboring Chuukic languages. The language is not interchangeable with Chuukese, Satawalese or Woleaian.

2. Historical evidence and named scholarship

Samuel H. Elbert published Puluwat Dictionary in 1972 and Puluwat Grammar in 1974 as separate Pacific Linguistics volumes, preceded by Three Legends of Puluwat and a Bit of Talk (1971). The dictionary documents thousands of words along with examples, social registers and local cultural classifications. The grammar surveys phonology, morphophonemics, pronouns, directionals, classifiers, particles, numerals and sentence structure.

Fieldwork dates, manuscript dates, publication dates and living community histories are different types of chronological evidence. Dated reference entries are not reliable current speaker censuses.

3. Alphabet, phonology and transcription

Elbert’s description discusses contrastive vowel length, consonant gemination and orthographic choices. Compare the spelling of a headword in the 1972 dictionary to the 1974 grammar and to later comparative studies; do not silently replace original diacritics or write a reconstructed form as if directly attested.

Always label whether a form appears in community orthography, a scholar’s normalized romanization or the International Phonetic Alphabet. No pre-contact script is hypothesized from the mere existence of twentieth-century written records.

4. Original grammar and linguistic categories

Research includes relational possessive classifiers, inclusive reference where attested, interrogative and directional particles, register restrictions, verbal marking, word order and complex clause structure. The 1974 grammar allows these categories to be tested against original examples rather than extrapolated solely from related languages.

A teaching grammar must be built from attested phrases, not generalized from apparent cognacy with another island language. Where the available source consists of lexical lists or sociolinguistic notes, sentence structure remains an open empirical question.

5. Selected documented language evidence

Only the following forms and source identifiers are included; their role is to show how quotation and attribution work, not to create undocumented sentence patterns.

• eew: one, as listed in numerals source
• ŕuuwe: two, in the cited number list
• yellik: thirty, in the cited number list
• yepwúkúw: one hundred, in the cited number list

Preserve all accent marks and original wording. Where the item is explicitly an ISO or archival identifier, it is not a word from the language.

6. Social context, communication and community stewardship

Atoll migration, navigation, fishing, historical colonial encounters, education and inter-island contact may be relevant to the documentary record. These are topics for source-led discussion, not assumptions about every speaker. Older outsider descriptions and community-authored accounts may represent different viewpoints. Reuse of oral narratives requires attention to speaker credit and the permissions of the archive or community.

7. Named academic and community references

1. Samuel H. Elbert (1972), Puluwat Dictionary, Pacific Linguistics C-24. https://habeleinstitute.org/wiki/Zotero_reference%3A7HGEX32I
2. Samuel H. Elbert (1974), Puluwat Grammar, Pacific Linguistics B-29. https://habeleinstitute.org/wiki/Zotero_reference%3AAYN9U7RV
3. WALS Puluwat bibliography and classification. https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pul
4. Puluwatese numerals sourced to Elbert’s dictionary and grammar. https://www.omniglot.com/language/numbers/puluwatese.htm

The references provide the evidentiary basis for the documented history and examples. Expanded textbooks should give page or recording locations rather than citing a general work for invented phrases.

8. Ninety original-source learning objectives

Nine modules each contain ten independent research lessons. They lead from community context through orthography, grammar, attested text interpretation, lexicography, comparison and ethical preservation. These are lesson briefs, not finished bilingual dialogues or spoken audio courses.

Module 1. Historical identity and source criticism — Lessons 1–10

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: Elbert 1971 legends; related evidence anchor: Elbert 1972 lexicon. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

1. Lesson 1: language name — Elbert 1971 legends. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
2. Lesson 2: local geography — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
3. Lesson 3: genealogical placement — Elbert 1974 grammar. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
4. Lesson 4: neighbors and contact — phonemic length. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
5. Lesson 5: earliest relevant source — gemination. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
6. Lesson 6: important later sources — directionals. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
7. Lesson 7: named community researchers — possessive classifiers. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
8. Lesson 8: history of documentation — deferential speech. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
9. Lesson 9: source criticism — numeral system. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
10. Lesson 10: scholarly chronology — documented narratives. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 2. Writing and speech sounds — Lessons 11–20

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: Elbert 1972 lexicon; related evidence anchor: Elbert 1974 grammar. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

11. Lesson 11: writing system — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
12. Lesson 12: documented consonants — Elbert 1974 grammar. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
13. Lesson 13: documented vowels — phonemic length. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
14. Lesson 14: possible length distinctions — gemination. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
15. Lesson 15: syllabic structure — directionals. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
16. Lesson 16: stress evidence — possessive classifiers. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
17. Lesson 17: orthographic variants — deferential speech. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
18. Lesson 18: phonetic transcription — numeral system. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
19. Lesson 19: recordings and spelling — documented narratives. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
20. Lesson 20: evidence-limited phonology report — Elbert 1971 legends. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 3. Lexicography and original words — Lessons 21–30

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: Elbert 1974 grammar; related evidence anchor: phonemic length. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

21. Lesson 21: source dictionary selection — Elbert 1974 grammar. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
22. Lesson 22: body-part vocabulary — phonemic length. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
23. Lesson 23: family terminology — gemination. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
24. Lesson 24: maritime terminology — directionals. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
25. Lesson 25: island ecology — possessive classifiers. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
26. Lesson 26: food vocabulary — deferential speech. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
27. Lesson 27: motion and activity — numeral system. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
28. Lesson 28: expressions of time — documented narratives. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
29. Lesson 29: contact borrowings — Elbert 1971 legends. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
30. Lesson 30: verified lexicon portfolio — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 4. Pronouns and referential expressions — Lessons 31–40

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: phonemic length; related evidence anchor: gemination. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

31. Lesson 31: person marking — phonemic length. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
32. Lesson 32: singular reference — gemination. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
33. Lesson 33: plural reference — directionals. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
34. Lesson 34: dual reference if attested — possessive classifiers. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
35. Lesson 35: inclusive and exclusive if attested — deferential speech. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
36. Lesson 36: nominal determiners — numeral system. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
37. Lesson 37: demonstratives — documented narratives. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
38. Lesson 38: possession — Elbert 1971 legends. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
39. Lesson 39: kinship references — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
40. Lesson 40: referential analysis — Elbert 1974 grammar. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 5. Verbs, morphology and clause patterns — Lessons 41–50

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: gemination; related evidence anchor: directionals. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

41. Lesson 41: word-class identification — gemination. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
42. Lesson 42: verb marking — directionals. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
43. Lesson 43: aspect evidence — possessive classifiers. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
44. Lesson 44: tense interpretation — deferential speech. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
45. Lesson 45: negation — numeral system. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
46. Lesson 46: interrogatives — documented narratives. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
47. Lesson 47: directives — Elbert 1971 legends. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
48. Lesson 48: transitivity — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
49. Lesson 49: clause order — Elbert 1974 grammar. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
50. Lesson 50: original clause analysis — phonemic length. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 6. Documented text and translation — Lessons 51–60

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: directionals; related evidence anchor: possessive classifiers. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

51. Lesson 51: primary passage identification — directionals. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
52. Lesson 52: speaker and editor — possessive classifiers. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
53. Lesson 53: text provenance — deferential speech. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
54. Lesson 54: segmentation — numeral system. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
55. Lesson 55: lexical glossing — documented narratives. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
56. Lesson 56: morphological analysis — Elbert 1971 legends. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
57. Lesson 57: translation choices — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
58. Lesson 58: discourse organization — Elbert 1974 grammar. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
59. Lesson 59: cultural interpretation — phonemic length. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
60. Lesson 60: edited archival note — gemination. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 7. Historical change and comparative method — Lessons 61–70

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: possessive classifiers; related evidence anchor: deferential speech. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

61. Lesson 61: comparative framework — possessive classifiers. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
62. Lesson 62: cognacy versus contact — deferential speech. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
63. Lesson 63: phonological change — numeral system. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
64. Lesson 64: loanword detection — documented narratives. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
65. Lesson 65: dialect claims — Elbert 1971 legends. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
66. Lesson 66: earlier versus later documentation — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
67. Lesson 67: sociolinguistic change — Elbert 1974 grammar. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
68. Lesson 68: source-dated speaker counts — phonemic length. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
69. Lesson 69: limits of reconstructions — gemination. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
70. Lesson 70: comparative case study — directionals. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 8. Community life and research ethics — Lessons 71–80

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: deferential speech; related evidence anchor: numeral system. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

71. Lesson 71: place and people — deferential speech. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
72. Lesson 72: oceanic ecological knowledge — numeral system. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
73. Lesson 73: kinship and social relations — documented narratives. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
74. Lesson 74: oral history ethics — Elbert 1971 legends. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
75. Lesson 75: learning and transmission — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
76. Lesson 76: multilingual setting — Elbert 1974 grammar. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
77. Lesson 77: source permissions — phonemic length. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
78. Lesson 78: acknowledging contributors — gemination. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
79. Lesson 79: community feedback — directionals. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
80. Lesson 80: safe archiving — possessive classifiers. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

Module 9. Research portfolio and assessment — Lessons 81–90

Distinctive Puluwatese research focus: numeral system; related evidence anchor: documented narratives. Each lesson should be documented with original data, contextual interpretation and an explicit uncertainty assessment.

81. Lesson 81: bibliography — numeral system. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
82. Lesson 82: orthographic evidence table — documented narratives. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
83. Lesson 83: phonological analysis — Elbert 1971 legends. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
84. Lesson 84: ten attested entries — Elbert 1972 lexicon. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
85. Lesson 85: pronoun evidence note — Elbert 1974 grammar. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
86. Lesson 86: verb evidence note — phonemic length. Evaluate what a primary source permits the researcher to conclude; state what would still require original manuscript access or community confirmation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
87. Lesson 87: annotated historical text — gemination. Investigate a source-attested example, recording its exact original spelling and a locatable dictionary entry, page or archival reference; distinguish quotation from explanation. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
88. Lesson 88: comparative report — directionals. Produce an evidence table with author, date, original orthography, category, contextual interpretation and remaining uncertainty. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
89. Lesson 89: ethics review — possessive classifiers. Draft a concise, source-bound analysis and explain one possible alternative interpretation and how it could be tested. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.
90. Lesson 90: ninety-lesson synthesis — deferential speech. Compare documentary evidence from the named language with a related language without copying unverified words or structures between them. Deliverable: an independently composed, cited annotation, evidence comparison and source limitation note.

9. Evidence standards and learning outcomes

A student completing this syllabus should recognize the documented history and unique language identity, read the source’s spelling accurately, interpret selected authentic lexemes and constructions with appropriate citations, and evaluate where the existing scholarly record remains incomplete. Native-language material should be reviewed by fluent speakers when feasible. Ninety named research objectives are not ninety complete downloadable lessons.