1. Language identity and geographic background

ANLHE Solomon Islands linguistic identity audit (November 2026): Sa’a is an Oceanic language historically associated with southern Malaita and neighboring areas. The Solomon Islands State of Environment survey places Sa’a in the southern Malaita context and identifies Ulawa separately. Their historical subgroup affiliation does not make Sa’a and Ulawa interchangeable, and the spelling of colonial religious texts should be cited in its original source context. Language inventory and classification reference.

Saʻa is a Southeast Solomonic Oceanic language associated especially with southern Malaita, including the locality of Saʻa. It is historically closely related to Ulawa but is not the same language. Ivens described the Saʻa village tradition and neighboring Aʻulu and Qaloto forms, and compared Saʻa with Ulawa and the Malaita varieties called Tolo and Lau. Associated region: southern Malaita, Solomon Islands. ISO 639-3 identifier: apb. This identifier is archival metadata, not a vocabulary word.

2. Historical scholarship and documentary timeline

Walter G. Ivens’s 1918 dictionary and grammar jointly describes Saʻa and Ulawa, explicitly distinguishing where entries or grammatical behaviors belong to each language. His preface describes Saʻa as more specialized in certain noun constructions, vowel alternations, gerund formations and subject-pronoun distinctions. The digitized historical text retains period descriptions and editorial notes; it must not be equated with a modern community grammar.

Historical source labels and dated population claims must never be treated as verified present-day demographic facts. Authors, community contributors, digital transcribers and editors have different roles and should be credited independently.

3. Writing, sound systems and source transcription

Ivens states that an a-to-e vowel alternation in certain Saʻa words occurs after i, u or a preceding ko verbal particle; this historically observed pattern should be tested against the precise text, not generalized without conditions. Transcriptions in old print and the later digital text can differ. Original apostrophes and any diacritics require faithful reproduction.

Old Latin script conventions, phonetic notation and contemporary spelling practices are not necessarily equivalent. The existence of a historical grammar does not establish the existence of an ancient native alphabet.

4. Original grammar and documented constructions

In the 1918 account, Saʻa uses shortened object pronoun forms attached to verbs and prepositions and has more elaborate subject-pronoun distinctions than Ulawa in certain contexts. Ivens also describes singular body-part nouns without an obligatory definite article in some Saʻa environments. These are source-specific descriptive claims, not universally valid rules for every modern speech variety.

Grammatical generalizations must be tested against original examples. Reconstructing a plausible sentence by combining related languages’ vocabulary would be misleading and is excluded.

5. Selected source-grounded lexical evidence

These entries are limited to forms documented in the cited research or explicitly identified names and metadata; they do not constitute a complete phrasebook.

• nume: house, Saʻa in Ivens’s contrast.
• nime: bowl, Saʻa in Ivens’s contrast.
• domu: fall, specifically persons in the cited contrast.
• ʻusu: fall, recorded more broadly in the cited historical comparison.

For future teaching dialogues, original text, context, exact gloss, phonological interpretation and source location must be cross-checked before publication.

6. Language, cultural history and community knowledge

Oral narratives, maritime life, local place names, family relations and language contact offer relevant contextual themes. Research should not treat colonial-period accounts as a timeless description of local speech or community life. Permissions, intellectual attribution and appropriate forms of community review are integral to language preservation.

7. Scholarly bibliography and accessible primary records

1. Walter G. Ivens (1918), Dictionary and Grammar of the Language of Sa’a and Ulawa. https://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/ivens_dictionary_preface.html
2. Biodiversity Heritage Library, facsimile and bibliographic record for Ivens (1918). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/185338
3. WALS, Ivens 1918 grammar reference. https://wals.info/refdb/record/Ivens-1918

These named works ground the page’s documentary claims. The full individual teaching examples must be checked against exact pages or dictionary records rather than inferred from an index alone.

8. Distinctive language-focused research themes

1. Ivens 1918 source divisions
2. Saʻa and Aʻulu localities
3. Qaloto comparison
4. historical noun article
5. a-to-e alternation
6. gerundive structures
7. object pronominal suffixes
8. subject-pronoun categories
9. Malaita contact varieties
10. historical versus current use

9. Nine-module, ninety-lesson research framework

The modules progress from language identity and transcription to grammar, text analysis, comparative scholarship and community-led archival practice. Topics requiring new evidence are explicitly framed as investigations, not unsupported facts.

Module 1: Linguistic identity and original documentation — Lessons 1–10

Unique source anchor: Ivens 1918 source divisions; relevant further topic: Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

1. Lesson 1: Community name and locality — Ivens 1918 source divisions. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
2. Lesson 2: Language genealogy — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
3. Lesson 3: Similar names in other regions — Qaloto comparison. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
4. Lesson 4: Earliest named research source — historical noun article. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
5. Lesson 5: Research and publication chronology — a-to-e alternation. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
6. Lesson 6: Named contributor roles — gerundive structures. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
7. Lesson 7: Comparative source limitations — object pronominal suffixes. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
8. Lesson 8: Source-dated settlement evidence — subject-pronoun categories. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
9. Lesson 9: Archive edition identification — Malaita contact varieties. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
10. Lesson 10: Full bibliographic metadata — historical versus current use. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 2: Alphabet, phonology and historical orthography — Lessons 11–20

Unique source anchor: Saʻa and Aʻulu localities; relevant further topic: Qaloto comparison. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

11. Lesson 11: Original spelling conventions — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
12. Lesson 12: Documented consonants — Qaloto comparison. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
13. Lesson 13: Documented vowels — historical noun article. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
14. Lesson 14: Syllabification evidence — a-to-e alternation. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
15. Lesson 15: Stress and prosody — gerundive structures. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
16. Lesson 16: Vowel alternations where cited — object pronominal suffixes. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
17. Lesson 17: Source-specific diacritics — subject-pronoun categories. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
18. Lesson 18: Phonemic versus phonetic notation — Malaita contact varieties. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
19. Lesson 19: Community writing conventions — historical versus current use. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
20. Lesson 20: Source-based pronunciation portfolio — Ivens 1918 source divisions. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 3: Attested lexicon and semantic interpretation — Lessons 21–30

Unique source anchor: Qaloto comparison; relevant further topic: historical noun article. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

21. Lesson 21: Dictionary identification — Qaloto comparison. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
22. Lesson 22: Original-language headwords — historical noun article. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
23. Lesson 23: Body terminology — a-to-e alternation. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
24. Lesson 24: Kinship vocabulary — gerundive structures. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
25. Lesson 25: Natural environments — object pronominal suffixes. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
26. Lesson 26: Sea and travel expressions — subject-pronoun categories. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
27. Lesson 27: Food and subsistence — Malaita contact varieties. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
28. Lesson 28: Numerals and counting — historical versus current use. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
29. Lesson 29: Borrowing and semantic change — Ivens 1918 source divisions. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
30. Lesson 30: Ten documented lexical entries — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 4: Pronouns, articles and noun phrases — Lessons 31–40

Unique source anchor: historical noun article; relevant further topic: a-to-e alternation. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

31. Lesson 31: Personal pronouns — historical noun article. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
32. Lesson 32: Person and number — a-to-e alternation. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
33. Lesson 33: Inclusive and exclusive reference — gerundive structures. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
34. Lesson 34: Dual or other number if attested — object pronominal suffixes. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
35. Lesson 35: Definite and indefinite marking — subject-pronoun categories. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
36. Lesson 36: Demonstratives — Malaita contact varieties. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
37. Lesson 37: Possessive markers — historical versus current use. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
38. Lesson 38: Object pronouns — Ivens 1918 source divisions. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
39. Lesson 39: Nominal modifier order — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
40. Lesson 40: Attested noun phrase annotation — Qaloto comparison. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 5: Verbal and clause morphology — Lessons 41–50

Unique source anchor: a-to-e alternation; relevant further topic: gerundive structures. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

41. Lesson 41: Verb classes — a-to-e alternation. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
42. Lesson 42: Transitive morphology — gerundive structures. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
43. Lesson 43: Aspect evidence — object pronominal suffixes. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
44. Lesson 44: Temporal interpretation — subject-pronoun categories. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
45. Lesson 45: Negation patterns — Malaita contact varieties. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
46. Lesson 46: Questions and commands — historical versus current use. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
47. Lesson 47: Object marking — Ivens 1918 source divisions. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
48. Lesson 48: Clause constituent order — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
49. Lesson 49: Complex clause relations — Qaloto comparison. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
50. Lesson 50: Original clause analysis — historical noun article. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 6: Reading, translating and discussing original texts — Lessons 51–60

Unique source anchor: gerundive structures; relevant further topic: object pronominal suffixes. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

51. Lesson 51: Locate original texts — gerundive structures. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
52. Lesson 52: Identify speaker or editor — object pronominal suffixes. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
53. Lesson 53: Preserve source orthography — subject-pronoun categories. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
54. Lesson 54: Segment a short passage — Malaita contact varieties. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
55. Lesson 55: Gloss grammatical markers — historical versus current use. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
56. Lesson 56: Literal translation — Ivens 1918 source divisions. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
57. Lesson 57: Contextual translation — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
58. Lesson 58: Discourse particles — Qaloto comparison. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
59. Lesson 59: Cultural interpretation — historical noun article. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
60. Lesson 60: Evidence-based commentary — a-to-e alternation. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 7: Historical comparison and contact — Lessons 61–70

Unique source anchor: object pronominal suffixes; relevant further topic: subject-pronoun categories. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

61. Lesson 61: Subgroup relationships — object pronominal suffixes. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
62. Lesson 62: Check apparent cognates — subject-pronoun categories. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
63. Lesson 63: Historical sound correspondences — Malaita contact varieties. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
64. Lesson 64: Loanword diagnosis — historical versus current use. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
65. Lesson 65: Contact and multilingualism — Ivens 1918 source divisions. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
66. Lesson 66: Old and new source differences — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
67. Lesson 67: Dialect variation — Qaloto comparison. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
68. Lesson 68: Archival evidence biases — historical noun article. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
69. Lesson 69: Limits of reconstruction — a-to-e alternation. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
70. Lesson 70: Documented comparative report — gerundive structures. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 8: Community stewardship and living language — Lessons 71–80

Unique source anchor: subject-pronoun categories; relevant further topic: Malaita contact varieties. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

71. Lesson 71: Community language knowledge — subject-pronoun categories. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
72. Lesson 72: Historical versus contemporary use — Malaita contact varieties. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
73. Lesson 73: Speaker and contributor credit — historical versus current use. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
74. Lesson 74: Educational literacy work — Ivens 1918 source divisions. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
75. Lesson 75: Ecological vocabulary — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
76. Lesson 76: Ceremonial and social registers — Qaloto comparison. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
77. Lesson 77: Recording consent — historical noun article. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
78. Lesson 78: Text reproduction rights — a-to-e alternation. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
79. Lesson 79: Community review process — gerundive structures. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
80. Lesson 80: Sustainable documentation — object pronominal suffixes. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

Module 9: Advanced research dossier — Lessons 81–90

Unique source anchor: Malaita contact varieties; relevant further topic: historical versus current use. Each assessment requires the original transcription, accurate source metadata and a documented inference boundary.

81. Lesson 81: Verify bibliography — Malaita contact varieties. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
82. Lesson 82: Build orthography chart — historical versus current use. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
83. Lesson 83: Prepare phonological analysis — Ivens 1918 source divisions. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
84. Lesson 84: Compile verified vocabulary — Saʻa and Aʻulu localities. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
85. Lesson 85: Pronoun evidence report — Qaloto comparison. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
86. Lesson 86: Verb evidence report — historical noun article. State what the historical grammar actually establishes, marking later scholarly inference separately from its original terminology. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
87. Lesson 87: Annotate a source passage — a-to-e alternation. Find an attested language-specific headword or passage and record original spelling, bibliographic edition and exact entry or page before analysis. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
88. Lesson 88: Comparative study — gerundive structures. Prepare a two-column source and interpretation table and explain any uncertainty from dialect, translation or editorial practice. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
89. Lesson 89: Research ethics plan — object pronominal suffixes. Design an evidence-based exercise with a clearly specified original dictionary, grammar or community recording to verify it. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.
90. Lesson 90: Final ninety-objective portfolio — subject-pronoun categories. Contrast a secure source observation with another historically described variety without inventing new speech forms. Assessment: an auditable evidence record, original commentary and an uncertainty note.

10. Standards and publication status

Ninety separately specified documentary study objectives are included; ninety complete textbooks, lectures, native-language conversations or audio courses are not claimed. No unsupported language forms or demographic guesses are represented as verified. Further development requires original-source excerpts with citation and appropriate community or copyright permissions.