Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) — ANLHE Historical Language Encyclopedia and 90-Lesson Study Guide
A historical Kanak language profile documenting written sources, alphabet, grammar, authentic word forms, cultural heritage and ninety individually numbered source-reading objectives.
1. Language history, geography and written documentation
Drehu, or qene drehu, is an Oceanic Austronesian Kanak language of Lifou in the Loyalty Islands of New Caledonia. Its documented history includes nineteenth-century Protestant translations and modern community-based orthographic work. Protestant missionaries Muller and Patesson proposed early written forms around 1853; Creagh and Jones used an orthography for Bible translation in 1854 that remained influential until the 1980s. Claire Moyse-Faurie published Le drehu: langue de Lifou (Îles Loyauté): phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe (1983). Léonard Drilë Sam and Claude Lercari worked on renewed orthographic guidelines in 1979–1983. Dictionaries include Sam’s Drehu–French dictionary (1983, reissued 1995) and Maurice-Henry Lenormand’s Qene Drehu dictionary (1999). A book’s date is the date of documentation, not an origin date for the spoken language. Community varieties and author names should always be kept attached to historical records.
2. Original alphabets and pronunciation
The modern academy describes seven short and seven long vowel phonemes, and 32 consonants. Earlier writing did not always mark length and could blur dental d/t and alveolar dr/tr distinctions. Its current letter examples are wahnawa ‘banana’, qaaqaa ‘grandfather’ and që ‘mouth’ (Kanak Language Academy); these are source-attested words, not invented sentences. Exact original spelling, long vowels and linguistic accents matter, and early mission or academic orthographies must be distinguished from contemporary Kanak community standards.
3. Historical vocabulary, morphology and syntax
Study pronouns, nominal markers, possession, predication, tense/aspect and syntactic distinctions from Moyse-Faurie’s work. Community poetry and songs should be treated as situated texts rather than interchangeable with nineteenth-century missionary Bible wording. Use the authentic Kanak Language Academy word examples and published text corpora where possible. Do not substitute a word or grammatical marker from another Kanak language, even where genealogical relationships are close.
4. Primary documentary and academic evidence
Kanak Language Academy, Drehu language profile and alphabet; Moyse-Faurie (1983), phonology, morphology and syntax; Sam (1983/1995), Drehu–French dictionary; Lenormand (1999), Qene Drehu dictionary.
The above citations identify real publications, academic texts and language resources. The literal source-language words in this entry are attributed to the official Kanak Language Academy language profiles. A direct historical quotation requires its original page or recording to establish its authentic form.
5. Method of source reading and transcription
Choose a dated dictionary, primary written text or academy oral corpus. Record the author’s original spelling convention and publication date. Transcribe precisely, identify vowel quantity and tone when the language requires it, and explain the source’s interlinear or bilingual gloss. Only then may a learner compare contemporary standard orthography with historical missionary notation.
6. Kanak society and local intellectual traditions
Language research engages place-based names, marine environments, gardening, kinship, oral legends, musical traditions and the work of community language academies. Earlier missionary literacy and modern Kanak-led revitalization form different but interrelated periods of documentary history. Respect each language’s distinct community and oral narratives.
7. Accuracy and historical interpretation
Drehu is associated with Lifou; Nengone with Maré; Paicî, Ajië and Xârâcùù with distinct Grande Terre regions. Vowel length and tone are critical where documented, and dictionary word forms should not be generalized into invented sentences. Every historical population figure and edition statement must retain its date.
8. Ninety individual source-based lessons
Nine modules contain ten named topics each. These are ninety curriculum and documentary research objectives, not ninety already produced independent PDF books, videos or narrated lessons.
Module 1: Origins, linguistic setting and evidence — Lessons 1–10
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 1: Language family affiliation — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 2: Historical homeland — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 3: Local villages and varieties — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 4: Community names — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 5: Early printed or archived text — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 6: Research author and local collaborators — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 7: Publication and survey chronology — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 8: Primary source language — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 9: Historical versus current status — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 10: Responsible source dating — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 2: Alphabet, vowels, consonants and tone — Lessons 11–20
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 11: Original alphabets — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 12: Grapheme-to-phoneme relations — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 13: Vowel inventory — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 14: Vowel length — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 15: Consonant clusters and digraphs — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 16: Nasal and labialized sound notation — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 17: Tone or accent if applicable — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 18: Historical orthographic systems — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 19: Phonological change — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 20: Precise documented spelling — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 3: Attested words and historical semantics — Lessons 21–30
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 21: Community language names — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 22: Geographic names — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 23: Family and kinship vocabulary — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 24: Food and crop terminology — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 25: Ocean and coastal words — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 26: Animals and environmental knowledge — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 27: Documented word pairs — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 28: Borrowings and source eras — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 29: Dictionary word-class analysis — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 30: Authentic mini lexicon — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 4: Pronouns, noun expressions and possession — Lessons 31–40
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 31: Person and number reference — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 32: Possessive phrases — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 33: Articles and markers — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 34: Nominal classifiers where attested — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 35: Demonstratives — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 36: Number expressions — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 37: Adjective and noun modifiers — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 38: Compound nouns — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 39: Noun phrase word order — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 40: Original nominal gloss — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 5: Verbs, predication and sentence analysis — Lessons 41–50
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 41: Verb categories — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 42: Predicative versus nominal readings — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 43: Aspect and tense where attested — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 44: Negative constructions — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 45: Questions and imperatives — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 46: Agreement or argument indexing — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 47: Transitivity and valency — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 48: Clause coordination — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 49: Discourse-sensitive syntax — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 50: Attested sentence structure — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 6: Reading original books and oral corpora — Lessons 51–60
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 51: Locate historical first edition — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 52: Record page and chapter — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 53: Distinguish edition years — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 54: Copy a real dictionary entry — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 55: Check local text corpus — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 56: Mark original phonetic diacritics — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 57: Review interlinear glossing — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 58: Check translation against lexicon — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 59: Compare editorial alternatives — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 60: Report uncertainty — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 7: Kanak knowledge, oral texts and culture — Lessons 61–70
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 61: Traditional family relations — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 62: Landscape and place identity — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 63: Cultural navigation and fishing — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 64: Oral tale literature — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 65: Local songs and verbal art — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 66: Food-growing techniques — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 67: Indigenous scholar contributions — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 68: Church and school literacy — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 69: Regional revitalization programs — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 70: Cultural ethics — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 8: Comparative Oceanic methodology — Lessons 71–80
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 71: Distinguish neighboring Kanak languages — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 72: Genealogical subgrouping — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 73: Sound comparison and borrowing — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 74: Vowel-length evidence — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 75: Tone where relevant — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 76: Published dictionary reliability — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 77: Dialect and written-source variation — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 78: Change of spelling norm — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 79: Dated population evidence — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 80: Scholarly citation practice — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
Module 9: Annotated research portfolio — Lessons 81–90
Study this topic within Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu) using verified Kanak Language Academy sources and the published scholarly corpus.
- Lesson 81: Choose precise source text — Moyse-Faurie 1983. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 82: Identify original speaker or author — Sam 1995 dictionary. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 83: Record original page — Lifou geography. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 84: Transcribe faithfully — 1853 missionary writing. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 85: Explain an attested word — Creagh and Jones 1854. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 86: Analyze one nominal form — d and dr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 87: Analyze one verbal construction — t and tr contrast. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 88: Check comparative claim — Short versus long vowels. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 89: Document uncertainties — qaaqaa grandfather. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 90: Publish annotated reading portfolio — wahnawa banana. Locate a genuine word, passage, phonological observation or bibliographic detail in the named source, explain its specifically attested meaning or structure and record the exact source and uncertainty. Avoid inventing old-language sentences.
9. Verifiable institutional bibliography
Read the Kanak Language Academy’s original language profile for Historical Written Drehu (Qene Drehu). The profile provides documented words, historical authors, orthographic conventions and references for further original-source investigation.
10. Annotated historical-language project
Choose one genuine text, academy lexeme or historical dictionary item. Record its exact spelling, translation and source, analyze the relevant sound or morphosyntactic feature, and compare a later reference while reporting date, dialect and transcription uncertainties. Return to ANLHE historical-language index.