Historical Ura (Erromango) — ANLHE Historical Language Encyclopedia and Ninety-Lesson Study Guide
Historical Vanuatu documentation, sound and script analysis, original lexical and grammatical evidence, cultural knowledge and ninety named academic study topics.
1. Language, place and historical documentary chronology
Ura, also historically known as Aryau or Arau, is a highly endangered Oceanic language of Erromango, Vanuatu, distinct from Sye and Utaha. Ura was recorded in fragments by Gordon in 1889, including a problematic translation of the Lord’s Prayer. Capell collected a wordlist in 1958 later appearing in Tryon’s 1976 compilation. John Lynch produced a grammar sketch and vocabulary in 1983 (pp. 148–183). Terry Crowley’s Ura: A Disappearing Language of Southern Vanuatu was published in 1999 as Pacific Linguistics C-156 (xiii + 226 pages). Historical estimates of only a handful of fluent speakers in 1999 cannot be asserted as present-day counts. The actual age of a language is distinct from a scholar’s book publication or archival recording date. Distinguish original dialect data and dated speaker figures from current conditions.
2. Alphabet, sounds and original transcriptions
Written Ura documentation uses Roman missionary-era and scholarly spellings. The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database warns that a letter c in a particular wordlist denotes a voiced velar fricative gamma, a vital original-source transcription caveat. Original written forms need a dated source. Contemporary linguistic Romanization and hypothetical ancestral reconstructions cannot be called ancient manuscripts. A quotation must retain the exact symbols of the cited original.
3. Authentic lexical and grammatical structures
Crowley records highly complex verb root mutation and many inflectional categories, and original transcribed texts with interlinear glossing. Neighboring Sye grammar should not be substituted for missing Ura forms. Earlier 1889 biblical translations have debated grammatical reliability. Interpret source-backed pronouns, tense-aspect, possession and clauses in their original language and corpus context; do not translate paradigms mechanically from a neighboring language or from modern English.
4. Verifiable academic references and primary-source examples
Gordon 1889 lexical notes; Capell 1958 observations (published in Tryon 1976); Lynch 1983 Ura sketch; Crowley, Ura (Pacific Linguistics C-156, 1999), xiii + 226 pp.
The works listed are actual identifiable source publications. Examples of a sound feature or grammatical category must be checked against them before quoting original-language forms.
5. Learning to read an original source passage
Locate the correct edition and individual text, record fieldwork dates, speaker context and publication page. Copy exact transcription and grammatical punctuation. Identify source orthographic conventions and word boundaries, then explain the original gloss without inventing a translation. Compare scholarly and community interpretations and state uncertainty.
6. Oral knowledge, culture and historical contact
Vanuatu language archives connect maritime trade, gardening, migration, missionary literacy, indigenous knowledge and social relations. Early pidgin and church varieties may differ significantly from everyday speech. Community-speaker participation matters when interpreting original records and comparing historical to living language.
7. Critical historical and linguistic accuracy
Do not merge Unua with Pangkumu without variety labels, Lewo with Paamese, Ura with Sye or Bislama with English or Tok Pisin. Distinguish endangered-language reports made in the 1990s from verified current status. Document spoken and written variants rather than fabricating ancient writing or unverified vocabulary.
8. Ninety separately numbered research study objectives
The following nine units contain ten independently named documentary-language lessons each. They form an educational curriculum outline, not ninety already completed standalone video tutorials, sound files or PDF textbooks.
Module 1: Community history, classification and early documents — Lessons 1–10
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 1: Language family and region — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 2: Community naming — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 3: Island and local geography — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 4: First documented wordlist — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 5: Scholarly author — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 6: Speaker coauthor — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 7: Early source date — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 8: History of language contact — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 9: Printed text versus oral tradition — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 10: Scope of language documentation — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 2: Alphabet and sound-system documentation — Lessons 11–20
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 11: Documented writing system — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 12: Original consonant symbols — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 13: Vowel phonetics — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 14: Stress if documented — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 15: Phonemic analysis — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 16: Historical spelling conventions — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 17: Word and clitic boundaries — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 18: Original period transliteration — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 19: Practical versus scholarly orthography — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 20: Faithful diplomatic transcription — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 3: Vocabulary, etymology and authentic texts — Lessons 21–30
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 21: Place names — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 22: Kinship headwords — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 23: Seafaring vocabulary — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 24: Food and gardens — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 25: Cultural terminology — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 26: Early translated texts — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 27: Borrowed lexical items — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 28: Inherited word patterns — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 29: Original source lexical glosses — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 30: Sourced semantic comparison — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 4: Pronouns, articles and nominal grammar — Lessons 31–40
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 31: Personal pronouns — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 32: Inclusive and exclusive reference — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 33: Singular and plural — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 34: Demonstratives — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 35: Possessive expressions — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 36: Articles where attested — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 37: Nominal modifiers — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 38: Quantification — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 39: Nominal compounds — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 40: Source-grounded phrase interpretation — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 5: Predicate, negation and clause construction — Lessons 41–50
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 41: Verb stems — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 42: Subject and person markers — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 43: Aspectual expressions — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 44: Negation — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 45: Imperative constructions — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 46: Questions — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 47: Verb sequencing — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 48: Root alternations if attested — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 49: Complex sentence organization — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 50: Authentic clause segmentation — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 6: Original manuscripts, dictionaries and grammars — Lessons 51–60
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 51: Find original publication — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 52: Record first edition and page — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 53: Identify document genre — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 54: Quote only attested source expression — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 55: Copy original spelling — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 56: Analyze published gloss — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 57: Compare translator interpretations — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 58: Attribute speech community — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 59: Note uncertain morphology — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 60: Use library archival reference — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 7: Regional oral traditions and community learning — Lessons 61–70
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 61: Community education — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 62: Oral narrative — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 63: Oceanic cultural histories — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 64: Language and social identity — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 65: Ceremonial speech — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 66: Trade and migration — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 67: European mission sources — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 68: Indigenous text contributors — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 69: Heritage documentation — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 70: Responsible language maintenance — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 8: Historical comparisons and philological cautions — Lessons 71–80
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 71: Verify author and date — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 72: Identify dialect variation — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 73: Compare related Oceanic varieties — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 74: Differentiate contact languages — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 75: Borrowings versus cognates — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 76: Compare original phonetics — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 77: Assess doubtful translations — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 78: Limit unsupported forms — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 79: Edition and pagination variants — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 80: Full bibliography — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
Module 9: Independent source-based study portfolio — Lessons 81–90
Develop the ten research objectives using authentic published evidence for Historical Ura (Erromango) and source-specific historical context.
- Lesson 81: Select a traceable source — Complex verb root mutation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 82: Record a source link or identifier — Letter c for velar fricative. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 83: Transcribe real text — Erromango Ura language. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 84: Explain sounds — Aryau alternative name. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 85: Make a verified wordlist — 1889 Gordon observations. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 86: Interpret pronoun pattern — Capell 1958 elicitation. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 87: Analyze a verb phrase — Tryon 1976 wordlist. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 88: Compare scholarly studies — Lynch 1983 sketch. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 89: Identify gaps explicitly — Crowley 1999 monograph. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
- Lesson 90: Write complete annotated source report — Pacific Linguistics C-156. Locate the original source passage, field recording or lexical entry where available, explain one specific linguistic or historical fact, and cite the relevant scholar, document and location without inventing old-language sentences.
9. Bibliographic reference
Review an original institutional or scholarly source for Historical Ura (Erromango). Verify edition and passage location when reproducing authentic historical lexical and grammatical forms.
10. Independent annotated source research
Choose one original text or genuine lexicon entry, record author and edition, transcribe a short attested form, analyze its morphosyntax, identify speech community and documentary limitations, and compare interpretations using responsible citations. Return to ANLHE language encyclopedia index.