1. Language identity and comparative taxonomy

Amharic belongs to the Ethiosemitic branch of Afro-Asiatic. It is related to but distinct from Tigrinya, Tigre and historical Geʽez. Geʽez is important as a liturgical and written predecessor within the region, not interchangeable with present-day spoken Amharic.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

2. Geography, community life and historical perspective

The linguistic record places Amharic in Ethiopia and diaspora communities. Community identity, historical borders, and linguistic genealogy are not equivalent. Amharic has a lengthy written literary and administrative history in Ethiopia as well as rich contemporary writing, media, education and oral traditions. Historic Geʽez textual practices and present Amharic are linguistically connected but remain distinct document types. The educational programme should present source dates and language variety names, respect community attribution, and never describe one local practice as obligatory for every speaker.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

3. Writing system, scripts and orthographic history

The principal documentary writing context is Ethiopic (Geʽez) abugida, written left to right. Orthographic signs reflect a convention chosen by writers and educators. A word may be written differently in historic sources, digital texts or regional norms without necessarily being a different spoken language. Source-faithful spelling must be preserved, with transliteration explicitly identified and accompanied by the actual source language.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

4. Phonology and phonetic analysis

Amharic uses a historic Ethiopic abugida where character families represent consonant-vowel syllables. Its sound system includes ejective consonants and a seven-order writing tradition; the script is not a simple one-to-one alphabet matching Latin letters. Actual sound values and regional variation should be checked with audio-supported descriptions.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

5. Morphology and syntax

Amharic is commonly described as predominantly subject–object–verb, with complex Semitic verb morphology, person and gender marking, definiteness and a strong role for clitics and suffixes. A verb paradigm must be copied from an attested grammatical source, not assembled by translating English grammatical labels.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

6. Semantics, vocabulary and source-critical lexicography

Lexical items should be recorded with their original script or spelling, grammatical function, precise source, page or recording time and date, and variety when known. Amharic language examples can carry distinctions not captured in a one-word English translation. The short example table below provides orientation only; no unrecorded word form or combination is to be inferred from it.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

7. Pragmatics, register and everyday discourse

Greetings, forms of respect, questions and politeness expressions change with addressee, social relationship and setting. Learn the following examples in their documented settings; many require a local variety or social context before they can be reused in a natural conversation. A grammar-translation exercise is not by itself evidence of community-accepted speech.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

8. Literature, history and the ethics of documentary research

Oral narratives, popular music, legal records, educational prose and religious literature can preserve different genres and historical layers. Amharic has a lengthy written literary and administrative history in Ethiopia as well as rich contemporary writing, media, education and oral traditions. Historic Geʽez textual practices and present Amharic are linguistically connected but remain distinct document types. Research must distinguish transcription from translation, recording rights from publication rights, and modern editorial normalization from original forms. Original contributors and community ownership preferences should be acknowledged.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

9. Sociolinguistics and language contact

Names for varieties, education policy and contact languages differ between regions and historical periods. Borrowing, code-switching, bilingual education and linguistic change require local evidence. Percentages of speakers or rates of endangerment should be cited by survey year and should not be fabricated or generalized from a single setting.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

10. Comparative grammar and teaching methodology

Advanced learners should compare an attested Amharic sentence with a grammar description and one independent primary source. Annotate morphemes, sentence type, lexical meaning and pronunciation only where data exist. Explain competing analyses and uncertainty. This approach yields transferable linguistic literacy and avoids fabricating paradigms or unsupported conversational material.

Research orientation: consult source corpora and reference works below; note the exact recording or printed edition, language variety, original orthography, date, speaker metadata where public and permissioned, and analytical uncertainty. A learner should be able to evaluate both the linguistic claim and its evidential limits independently.

11. Source-attributed examples from the living language

Each short phrase or lexical item is attributed to the learning resource shown below; spelling and usage may vary across dialects. These are illustrations, not a complete vocabulary or verified basis for constructing unattested grammatical paradigms.

Example evidence: https://fieldsupport.dliflc.edu/products/amharic/ac_nv_LSK/module8.html. Confirm social appropriateness and phonology against a speaker or scholarly grammar before examination use.

12. Ninety-lesson academic programme

Scope note: These ninety distinct units are detailed source-based lesson briefs, not fully authored ninety-chapter coursebooks. They establish the research activities, linguistic progression and evidence standards required before course video, audio or PDF production.

Module 1: Language identity and geo-historical setting

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 1: Establish the language's correct name and alternatives. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 2: Map speech communities and historical regions. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 3: Verify language catalogue identifiers. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 4: Review regional varieties and naming boundaries. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 5: Trace early documentary evidence. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 6: Identify a modern descriptive grammar. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 7: Document official and educational contexts. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 8: Evaluate speaker-count claims by census year. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 9: Prepare a sourced language identity summary. Specific application: Ethiosemitic classification and regional use. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 2: Sounds, writing systems and source notation

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 10: Describe original writing-system history. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 11: Compare consonant descriptions. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 12: Compare vowel descriptions. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 13: Analyze contrastive prosodic patterns. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 14: Test sound-to-symbol correspondences. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 15: Check handwriting and print conventions. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 16: Compare transcription standards. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 17: Locate an original-language sound recording. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 18: Build a sourced phonological inventory. Specific application: The Ethiopic syllabary and seven orders. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 3: Core lexical evidence and semantic fields

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 19: Compile ten source-verified words. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 20: Identify personal and family terminology. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 21: Analyze number words and counting contexts. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 22: Research place and direction lexicon. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 23: Document time and date expressions. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 24: Identify natural-environment vocabulary. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 25: Compare word senses and polysemy. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 26: Review loans and related inherited words. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 27: Create a lexical evidence ledger. Specific application: Ejective consonants and consonant series. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 4: Nouns, participants and modifiers

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 28: Document singular, plural and other nominal distinctions. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 29: Identify reference forms and pronouns. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 30: Examine ownership and possession. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 31: Analyze demonstratives and spatial reference. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 32: Collect attested adjective constructions. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 33: Identify nominal derivation patterns. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 34: Compare noun phrase ordering. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 35: Document case, adpositions or clitics where attested. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 36: Annotate a sourced noun phrase. Specific application: Ethiopic punctuation, word segmentation and transliteration. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 5: Verbs, tense, aspect and clause structure

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 37: Document finite verb stems from a grammar. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 38: Examine subject and agreement markings. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 39: Review tense and temporal interpretation. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 40: Analyze aspect and aspectual particles. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 41: Check negative sentence constructions. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 42: Document imperative clauses. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 43: Investigate interrogative clauses. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 44: Compare basic clause word order. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 45: Annotate a sourced verb-clause example. Specific application: Amharic nominal gender, number and definiteness. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 6: Conversation and situated pragmatics

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Complex verb-stem formation. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 46: Identify greeting norms and speaker relationship. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 47: Review thanks and apology constructions. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 48: Document yes-no questions. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 49: Analyze request and offer expressions. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 50: Examine respectful speech registers. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 51: Study turn-taking and acknowledgment. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 52: Investigate conversational repair. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 53: Compare community-specific politeness contexts. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 54: Annotate a verified short dialogue. Specific application: Complex verb-stem formation. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 7: Oral literature, culture and documentary history

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Subject–object–verb ordering. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 55: Catalog oral literary genres. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 56: Read a source-attributed narrative. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 57: Analyze performance and quotation contexts. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 58: Describe historical religious and secular writing. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 59: Identify local cultural terminology. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 60: Examine family, community and public roles. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 61: Discuss historical geography through texts. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 62: Check original-source dates and transmission. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 63: Write a literary-context reflection. Specific application: Subject–object–verb ordering. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 8: Language contact, literacy and language variation

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 64: Trace multilingual contact environments. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 65: Identify written and spoken registers. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 66: Compare competing writing conventions. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 67: Study school and adult literacy materials. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 68: Document lexical borrowing cases. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 69: Review translation and code-switching. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 70: Compare dialect data using source metadata. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 71: Study contemporary broadcasting and publication. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 72: Create a culturally responsive literacy worksheet. Specific application: Honorific address and gender-sensitive greetings. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 9: Comparative research and corpus annotation

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 73: Compare genealogical hypotheses. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 74: Investigate regular sound correspondences. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 75: Separate borrowing from inheritance. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 76: Build a small annotated corpus. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 77: Apply interlinear glossing conventions. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 78: Evaluate source bias and incomplete documentation. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 79: Review competing grammatical analyses. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 80: Check community permissions and copyright. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 81: Prepare a short comparative research report. Specific application: Amharic literature and Geʽez contact. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Module 10: Advanced practice and research portfolio

Module-specific specialization for Amharic: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Every unit requires an explicitly sourced language example, a critical assessment of its spelling or grammar, and comparison with community or research documentation.

Lesson 82: Compile a forty-entry sourced wordlist. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 83: Create a verified orthography reference. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 84: Analyze a documented noun paradigm. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 85: Analyze a documented verb paradigm. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 86: Transcribe an authorized short recording. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 87: Design an attested conversation exercise. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 88: Write a source-graded social language history. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 89: Peer-review the bibliography. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

Lesson 90: Submit a final encyclopedia research dossier. Specific application: A dated script-based annotation of Amharic texts. Learning objective: identify the original claim in a suitable Amharic resource, distinguish the community variety and orthographic convention, and evaluate the claim against an independent reference. Study activity: select an actually documented word, phrase, text segment or metadata record, preserve its original form, annotate a reliable translation and record source details. Knowledge check: explain why the evidence supports the analysis and describe one alternative interpretation or limitation. Written deliverable: a source-graded paragraph, an original comparative observation, and a short question with answer rationale.

13. Research assignments, assessment and supplemental materials

Recommended supplementary resources include carefully cleared audio recordings, target-language texts with aligned translations, an orthography chart, grammar-paradigm worksheets supported by published evidence, cultural-history reading, local variation notes and independent research exercises. These are a proposed teaching design, not a claim that ninety fully narrated lessons, PDF textbooks, videos, examinations or certification have already been deployed.

Assessment scheme: source documentation and citation accuracy 25%, sound and writing analysis 15%, verified morphology and syntax 25%, culturally informed interpretation 15%, final original encyclopedia dossier 20%. Successful work should be checked against native-speaker expertise where possible, especially for dialectal acceptability and meaningful use.

14. Academic sources and bibliography

1. Glottolog Amharic classification. Verify underlying edition and the applicable language variety before transferring its data.
2. US Defense Language Institute Amharic greetings. Verify underlying edition and the applicable language variety before transferring its data.
3. Amharic original-script phrase collection. Verify underlying edition and the applicable language variety before transferring its data.
4. Amharic phrase document for comparison. Verify underlying edition and the applicable language variety before transferring its data.

Editorial integrity: Classification and identifiers were verified against published catalogues. Short examples retain source attributions; the full lesson outline has not been separately reviewed as ninety completed target-language textbooks. No fabricated original-language dialogue is supplied.