1. Community and geography

Oromo is a living East Cushitic language continuum in Ethiopia and neighboring regions, with distinct histories of literacy, regional dialects and public-language use. Community names should not be confused with an administrative boundary or a single normative spoken variety.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

2. Macrolanguage coding

The Oromo macrolanguage is associated with ISO 639-3 orm; West Central Oromo is separately coded gaz, Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo gax, Eastern Oromo hae and Orma orc. These codes correspond to separately documented members or varieties, so a page describing Oromo as a whole must not substitute evidence from one for every other.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

3. Genealogy and comparative history

Oromo belongs to the Cushitic branch of Afro-Asiatic and is therefore genealogically distinct from neighboring Semitic Amharic despite extensive contact. Comparative research on the Oromo continuum includes regional varieties from Borana and Guji to eastern and west-central speech communities.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

4. Qubee and writing

The modern Latin-based Oromo orthography is called Qubee. Sources document earlier Ethiopic-script and Latin-script practices; Qubee language teaching must distinguish current writing conventions from phonetic transcription. Orthographic pairs such as ch, dh, ny and sh should not be pronounced through English letter names.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

5. Sound structure

Oromo phonological descriptions examine consonant gemination, vowel length, glottalic consonants and stress or pitch-related phenomena. Orthography represents several contrasts with doubled letters; a learner must validate actual sound values and dialectal pronunciation with recordings and specialist work.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

6. Nouns and grammar

Oromo grammar includes case-related morphology, grammatical gender, plurality and extensive noun-phrase relationships. The forms and endings depend on linguistic context and regional variety; a reference grammar should supply original clauses before developing paradigms.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

7. Verbs and sentence structure

Oromo is often described as having a predominantly subject–object–verb basic order. Verbal morphology, clause chaining, tense-aspect and agreement should be explained through variety-specific attested examples, not arbitrary translation into an English subject–verb–object template.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

8. Literature, proverbs and local history

Oromo oral literature, Gadaa-related cultural terminology, modern poetry and journalism are important historical and living sources. Cultural terminology should be introduced with community and contextual attribution and without assuming a uniform practice in every speech community.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

9. Dialectological methods

A comparative catalogue of Eastern Oromo, West Central Oromo and Borana-Arsi-Guji documents differences within the broader Oromo grouping. An academic exercise should identify whether its subject is Harar, Borana, Guji, Mecha or another documented variety, and note divergent spellings and grammatical analyses.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

10. Education and source ethics

Literacy, media and schooling materials reflect public-language planning as well as local language practices. Source integrity requires naming original authors and dialects, and community consultation before introducing phrasebook dialogues as universally accepted Oromo speech.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

11. Short documented language data

These illustrative items are limited to explicitly source-supported names or forms. English glosses are contextual rather than unlimited translation templates. They are not a complete conversation or a full paradigm.

Where linguistic form examples are used, consult the corresponding bibliography below for scholarly analysis. Local pronunciation and orthography require direct verification.

12. Comprehensive 90-unit academic learning and research pathway

Ten stages of nine individually numbered research lessons follow. A lesson contains a focus, a research activity and a documented assessment. Attested original-language recordings and grammatical tables must be added separately before treating this syllabus as a complete fluent-language course.

Module 1: Identity and geographic evidence

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 1: Name and local terms. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 2: ISO catalogue identity. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 3: Family tree classification. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 4: Historical locations. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 5: Speech communities. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 6: Variation among speakers. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 7: Printed language histories. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 8: Education and media. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 9: Research evidence audit. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 2: Sound systems and speech

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 10: Sound inventory. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 11: Consonant contrasts. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 12: Vowel contrasts. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 13: Length and gemination. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 14: Tone and prosody. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 15: Syllable patterns. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 16: Pronunciation and audio. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 17: Dialectal phonetics. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 18: Sound comparison portfolio. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 3: Writing traditions

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 19: Historical scripts. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 20: Current orthography. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 21: Special letter forms. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 22: Phonetic transcription. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 23: Romanization questions. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 24: Historical spellings. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 25: Textual source comparison. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 26: Digital typography. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 27: Orthographic review. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 4: Vocabulary and social meaning

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 28: Kinship terms. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 29: Counting and quantities. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 30: Greetings and greetings contexts. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 31: Geography and places. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 32: Time and events. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 33: Landscape and ecology. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 34: Borrowed words. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 35: Lexical polysemy. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 36: Evidence-based dictionary task. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 5: Noun phrase and nominal morphology

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 37: Nouns and classes. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 38: Singular forms. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 39: Plural patterns. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 40: Pronouns. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 41: Possession. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 42: Demonstratives. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 43: Nominal modifiers. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 44: Concord and agreement. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 45: Interlinear noun phrase. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 6: Verbs and clauses

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 46: Verb root analysis. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 47: Subject and person marking. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 48: Tense systems. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 49: Aspect systems. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 50: Negation. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 51: Questions. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 52: Commands. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 53: Clause order. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 54: Interlinear verb clause. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 7: Conversation and pragmatics

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 55: Greeting exchange. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 56: Respectful address. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 57: Conversation turn taking. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 58: Requests and gratitude. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 59: Question-answer adjacency. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 60: Clarifications. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 61: Narrative discourse. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 62: Register differences. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 63: Verified dialogue review. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 8: History and cultural documents

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 64: Historical oral records. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 65: Traditional narratives. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 66: Poetic and literary genres. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 67: Public education. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 68: Modern media. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 69: Multilingual encounters. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 70: Community knowledge terms. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 71: Archival source ethics. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 72: Cultural history essay. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 9: Comparison and corpus science

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 73: Closely related languages. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 74: Regular sound correspondences. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 75: Borrowings versus cognates. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 76: Variation by place. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 77: Competing grammar analyses. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 78: Corpus design. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 79: Audio transcription. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 80: Bibliography comparison. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 81: Comparative research report. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 10: Advanced research assessment

In this module, research the Oromo evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 82: Evidence ledger. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 83: Source-verified glossary. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 84: Sound analysis. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 85: Nominal morphology study. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 86: Verb morphology study. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 87: Original text commentary. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 88: Community ethics. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 89: Independent source audit. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 90: Final encyclopedia research dossier. Apply this topic to the documented Oromo linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

13. Materials, practical assessment and research integrity

Proposed additional resources include community-approved audio, reference grammar exercises, annotated narrative excerpts, original script charts, verified word lists, phonetic demonstrations and documentation portfolios. They are curricular design recommendations, not proof that 90 recordings or full textbooks are already uploaded. Suggested research evaluation: citations and direct evidence (25%), sound and orthography analysis (15%), morphology and syntax (25%), sociocultural interpretation and source ethics (15%), independent final paper (20%).

14. Reference bibliography

1. Oromo Language Profiles Project, orthography and phonology. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
2. Glottolog Oromo dialect classification, Negesse 2015. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
3. Glottolog West Central Oromo, ISO gaz. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
4. Glottolog Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo, ISO gax. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
5. Glottolog Oromo dialect comparisons, Janko 2012. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.

Transparency: the profile’s codes and classification were checked against academic linguistic catalogues. The ninety structured research lessons are not ninety completed target-language textbooks; pronunciation, authentic dialogues and testing require separate community and specialist validation.