1. Identity and geography

Setswana is the language of Tswana-speaking communities, particularly across Botswana and South Africa. Regional varieties and historical written norms should be distinguished from the assumption of one uniform accent or daily register.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

2. Genealogical identity

Glottolog identifies Tswana under ISO 639-3 tsn and Glottocode tswa1253. The language is part of the Sotho–Tswana grouping within Bantu, closely related to but distinct from Sesotho and Northern Sotho. This family relationship should not be mistaken for exact identity.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

3. Writing and print history

Setswana is generally written in a Latin-based orthography with a substantial historical mission, educational and literary tradition. Some technical linguistic descriptions use accents or additional marks not always found in contemporary everyday writing.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

4. Pronunciation and consonants

Setswana has a complex consonant system with aspirated and unaspirated distinctions and different orthographic consonant sequences. A scholarly International Phonetic Association illustration published by Bennett and colleagues includes recorded speech and is preferable to intuitive English-language pronunciation guesses.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

5. Noun classes and morphology

Setswana has a noun-class agreement system. Linguistic analyses may number noun classes differently according to whether pairs, subcategories or locative classes are counted; some descriptions identify up to twenty classes. The often cited pair monna (man) and banna (men) illustrates prefix-related morphology but not a rule applying to all nouns.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

6. Agreement and word order

Grammatical concord affects subject-verb agreement and noun modifiers. The attested phrase Banna ba bua Setswana shows both plural noun and matching verbal agreement, while simple word order descriptions alone cannot account for all agreement, focus and constituent structures.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

7. Verb morphology

Setswana verb constructions express tense, aspect, polarity and derivational categories using interacting markers. Infinitival and locative constructions require separate treatment; the learner should not derive them by translating English auxiliaries word by word.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

8. Lexical semantics

A lexical teaching module needs original Setswana written forms, the source's segmentation and appropriate English glosses. Spoken colloquial forms, regional vocabulary and formal literary registers need to be distinguished rather than combined in unsourced examples.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

9. Community history

Setswana oral histories, praise poetry, community narratives and modern broadcasting offer historically rich sources. These genres carry context-specific language that should be attributed to a named original author or community record.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

10. Digital language resources

Setswana research includes computational corpus work and lexical resources for accessible communication, education and language technologies. Corpus-based research should distinguish token frequency from lexical type and preserve noun-class morphological metadata.

Academic application: Locate a dated descriptive grammar or a permissioned community text, identify its location and dialect, and distinguish observed linguistic data from a typological inference, reconstruction or translated prompt. Compare the evidence with a second reference before making broad statements about the whole language. An unverified sound or grammatical example is never treated as an attested utterance.

11. Short documented language data

These illustrative items are limited to explicitly source-supported names or forms. English glosses are contextual rather than unlimited translation templates. They are not a complete conversation or a full paradigm.

Where linguistic form examples are used, consult the corresponding bibliography below for scholarly analysis. Local pronunciation and orthography require direct verification.

12. Comprehensive 90-unit academic learning and research pathway

Ten stages of nine individually numbered research lessons follow. A lesson contains a focus, a research activity and a documented assessment. Attested original-language recordings and grammatical tables must be added separately before treating this syllabus as a complete fluent-language course.

Module 1: Identity and geographic evidence

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 1: Name and local terms. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 2: ISO catalogue identity. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 3: Family tree classification. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 4: Historical locations. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 5: Speech communities. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 6: Variation among speakers. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 7: Printed language histories. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 8: Education and media. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 9: Research evidence audit. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 2: Sound systems and speech

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 10: Sound inventory. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 11: Consonant contrasts. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 12: Vowel contrasts. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 13: Length and gemination. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 14: Tone and prosody. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 15: Syllable patterns. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 16: Pronunciation and audio. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 17: Dialectal phonetics. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 18: Sound comparison portfolio. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 3: Writing traditions

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 19: Historical scripts. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 20: Current orthography. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 21: Special letter forms. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 22: Phonetic transcription. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 23: Romanization questions. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 24: Historical spellings. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 25: Textual source comparison. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 26: Digital typography. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 27: Orthographic review. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 4: Vocabulary and social meaning

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 28: Kinship terms. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 29: Counting and quantities. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 30: Greetings and greetings contexts. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 31: Geography and places. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 32: Time and events. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 33: Landscape and ecology. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 34: Borrowed words. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 35: Lexical polysemy. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 36: Evidence-based dictionary task. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 5: Noun phrase and nominal morphology

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 37: Nouns and classes. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 38: Singular forms. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 39: Plural patterns. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 40: Pronouns. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 41: Possession. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 42: Demonstratives. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 43: Nominal modifiers. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 44: Concord and agreement. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 45: Interlinear noun phrase. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 6: Verbs and clauses

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 46: Verb root analysis. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 47: Subject and person marking. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 48: Tense systems. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 49: Aspect systems. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 50: Negation. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 51: Questions. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 52: Commands. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 53: Clause order. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 54: Interlinear verb clause. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 7: Conversation and pragmatics

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 55: Greeting exchange. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 56: Respectful address. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 57: Conversation turn taking. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 58: Requests and gratitude. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 59: Question-answer adjacency. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 60: Clarifications. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 61: Narrative discourse. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 62: Register differences. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 63: Verified dialogue review. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 8: History and cultural documents

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 64: Historical oral records. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 65: Traditional narratives. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 66: Poetic and literary genres. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 67: Public education. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 68: Modern media. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 69: Multilingual encounters. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 70: Community knowledge terms. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 71: Archival source ethics. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 72: Cultural history essay. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 9: Comparison and corpus science

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 73: Closely related languages. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 74: Regular sound correspondences. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 75: Borrowings versus cognates. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 76: Variation by place. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 77: Competing grammar analyses. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 78: Corpus design. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 79: Audio transcription. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 80: Bibliography comparison. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 81: Comparative research report. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Module 10: Advanced research assessment

In this module, research the Setswana evidence from a named source or community variety, retain the original writing conventions, and record the reference date, location and uncertainty.

Lesson 82: Evidence ledger. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 83: Source-verified glossary. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 84: Sound analysis. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 85: Nominal morphology study. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 86: Verb morphology study. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 87: Original text commentary. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 88: Community ethics. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 89: Independent source audit. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

Lesson 90: Final encyclopedia research dossier. Apply this topic to the documented Setswana linguistic context rather than assuming patterns of an unrelated neighboring language. Choose a primary recording, grammar section, wordlist or historical writing sample; summarize exactly what the source establishes and cite it by edition or URL. Analyze one relevant contrast between pronunciation, form, meaning, grammatical category or community usage. Research exercise: create a three-column evidence record with attested form or verified bibliographic observation, source attribution, and an independently reasoned question with a justified answer. Identify an unresolved point and refrain from manufacturing an unattested target-language sentence.

13. Materials, practical assessment and research integrity

Proposed additional resources include community-approved audio, reference grammar exercises, annotated narrative excerpts, original script charts, verified word lists, phonetic demonstrations and documentation portfolios. They are curricular design recommendations, not proof that 90 recordings or full textbooks are already uploaded. Suggested research evaluation: citations and direct evidence (25%), sound and orthography analysis (15%), morphology and syntax (25%), sociocultural interpretation and source ethics (15%), independent final paper (20%).

14. Reference bibliography

1. Glottolog Tswana, ISO tsn. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
2. Stanford-hosted linguistic proceedings, noun classes and original examples. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
3. North-West University, computational syntactic analysis of Setswana. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.
4. Setswana language noun-class reference. Verify the original source and dialect before using a lexical or grammatical example.

Transparency: the profile’s codes and classification were checked against academic linguistic catalogues. The ninety structured research lessons are not ninety completed target-language textbooks; pronunciation, authentic dialogues and testing require separate community and specialist validation.