Yoruba: Original Living Language Encyclopedia and Ninety-Lesson Academic Guide

ANLHE scholarly reference, November 2026. Detailed original classification, historical, writing-system, linguistic and community notes, with an evidence-based ninety-unit research learning pathway. Numbered lesson briefs do not represent ninety complete fluent-language textbooks.

Language name: Èdè Yorùbá. ISO 639-3: yor. Glottocode: yoru1245. Regions: Southwestern Nigeria, Benin and diaspora communities. Genealogy: Atlantic-Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, Yoruboid.

1. Speech communities and geographic history

Yoruba is a living language predominantly spoken in southwestern Nigeria, Benin and other West African and diasporic communities. The cultural label Yoruba covers historical and regional diversity, and a standard written form cannot substitute for a region-specific phonetic description.

Research method: Locate the relevant published grammar, language atlas or original written and spoken corpus. Record its period, community, orthographic standard, analytic conventions and evidence limitations. Compare with an independent source before treating a language-wide generalization as universal. Do not substitute a constructed word or neighboring language form when the original data are unavailable.

2. Genealogical classification

ISO 639-3 yor and Glottocode yoru1245 identify Yoruba. WALS lists descriptive grammars by Bamgbose and Awobuluyi; Glottolog places it within Atlantic-Congo and Yoruboid. Yoruba must not be conflated with Yoruba Sign Language, which is catalogued separately.

3. Historical writing and orthographic development

Yoruba has an extensive oral and literary record and a Latin-derived written standard. Diacritics and subdots are meaningful in orthography. Historical missionary spellings may differ from modern editorial practice, and original editions should be cited rather than silently rewritten.

4. Three tonal levels

Standard Yoruba is generally described as having high, mid and low tonal contrasts. Acute and grave marks identify high and low tone in common practical representations, while mid is often unmarked. Diacritics change meaning, so tone-free transliteration can be inadequate for language instruction.

5. Vowels, nasalization and underdots

Yoruba vowel systems include distinctions represented in common spelling by ẹ and ọ; vowel nasalization requires its own analysis. Inconsistent display or removal of these orthographic symbols is not a harmless typographic modification, because word identity and pronunciation may depend on them.

6. Noun phrases and grammatical reference

Yoruba nominal phrases use determiners, possessives and modifiers with orders and functions that must be studied from attested examples. It does not show the same pervasive Bantu noun-class agreement system as Xhosa or Swahili; grammar cannot be copied from those languages.

7. Verbal grammar and serial constructions

Yoruba has a rich study of aspect, polarity, serial verb constructions, complementation and the interplay between grammar and prosody. A published example should be cited in its original tone-marked form and full sentence context.

8. Word order and pragmatics

Subject–verb–object is a useful basic ordering pattern in Yoruba, but focus constructions, questions, negation and sentence prosody alter surface meaning. An English-language sentence alone cannot safely determine the Yoruba grammatical construction.

9. Literature, proverbs and oral heritage

Yoruba oral literature, praise poetry, historical narratives, drama and modern media have important linguistic and cultural significance. The interpretation of oral performance requires genre, speaker, audience and period metadata, not merely a literal English gloss.

10. Dialect comparison and research ethics

Modern standard Yoruba is associated with particular historic dialectal bases, while numerous other varieties have distinct local usages. Terms shared with religious or diasporic contexts may have contact-specific histories. A reliable teaching resource must identify the chosen standard and its reference sources.

11. Language-specific examples and evidence rules

Data policy: This revision prioritizes verifiable cataloguing and authentic documentary language evidence. No unsourced conversational phrases or memorized translations are represented as validated examples. For Yoruba, original vocabulary and grammatical examples should be extracted from the cited primary and secondary literature and carefully checked for dialect, text edition and spelling. Student-produced data should be marked hypothetical until validated.

For a fully developed source-authenticated glossary, record the source and page or recording timestamp, spelling, meaning, grammatical context, phonetic notation, local variety and available permission statement. Avoid replacing special letters, diacritics, click symbols and tonal marks with simpler ASCII substitutes without an explicit transliteration protocol.

12. Ninety academic lesson and research units

Ten modules with nine independently numbered topics establish learning objectives, research tasks and a documented evidence check. These are substantive research briefs, not a claim that narrated audio, exercise books, tested translations or ninety fully authored textbook lessons are available.

Module 1. Language identity and written sources (lessons 1–9)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 1: Identify the language's local self-name. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 2: Map speech communities and region. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 3: Confirm ISO and Glottocode identifiers. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 4: Place language in documented family classifications. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 5: Investigate regional labels. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 6: Find a historical textual reference. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 7: Compare modern linguistic descriptions. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 8: Audit speaker estimates by survey date. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 9: Produce an evidence-based introduction. Objective: examine Yoruba-speaking communities and historical geography through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 2. Writing traditions and manuscript evidence (lessons 10–18)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: Yoruboid language classification. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 10: Describe present writing conventions. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 11: Identify historical or alternative scripts. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 12: Preserve orthographic symbols faithfully. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 13: Contrast spelling and phonetic transcription. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 14: Investigate early printed records. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 15: Review contemporary educational orthography. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 16: Check digital character encoding. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 17: Compare two source spellings. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 18: Make a documentary orthography worksheet. Objective: examine Yoruboid language classification through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 3. Sound system and pronunciation (lessons 19–27)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: Latin orthography with subdots and tone. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 19: Collect attested consonant inventory. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 20: Collect attested vowel inventory. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 21: Study consonant-length or click contrasts if relevant. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 22: Study vowel length or nasalization. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 23: Identify language-specific tonal or stress systems. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 24: Compare sound and grapheme representations. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 25: Examine dialectal sound variations. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 26: Prepare audio attribution and permissions. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 27: Construct a phonology evidence table. Objective: examine Latin orthography with subdots and tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 4. Vocabulary and semantic analysis (lessons 28–36)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: high mid low lexical tone. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 28: Collect community and kinship terms. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 29: Examine number and counting vocabulary. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 30: Investigate source-checked greetings. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 31: Collect place and direction terms. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 32: Research time and temporal vocabulary. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 33: Identify environmental concepts. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 34: Study lexical borrowing claims. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 35: Examine polysemy and translation limits. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 36: Build a sourced miniature lexicon. Objective: examine high mid low lexical tone through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 5. Nominal grammar and reference (lessons 37–45)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 37: Locate authentic noun phrases. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 38: Examine noun classification when attested. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 39: Analyze number or plural formation. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 40: Study participant pronouns. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 41: Explore demonstratives and deixis. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 42: Investigate possession. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 43: Research modifier ordering. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 44: Analyze grammatical agreement or particles. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 45: Produce an interlinear noun phrase. Objective: examine ẹ ọ vowel contrasts and nasalization through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 6. Verb grammar and clauses (lessons 46–54)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: Yoruba noun-phrase reference. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 46: Collect a source-specific verb form. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 47: Investigate person and subject coding. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 48: Study time reference. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 49: Analyze grammatical aspect. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 50: Review negative sentences. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 51: Locate imperatives in a recorded source. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 52: Investigate question constructions. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 53: Examine clause order and information structure. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 54: Write a sourced interlinear verb analysis. Objective: examine Yoruba noun-phrase reference through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 7. Conversation and sociolinguistic context (lessons 55–63)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: serial verbs and aspect marking. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 55: Locate an authentic greeting. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 56: Investigate reply and response norms. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 57: Study politeness and respectful address. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 58: Examine thanks and apology conventions. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 59: Analyze requests and questions. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 60: Document conversational repair. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 61: Compare urban and regional registers. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 62: Study multilingual speech environments. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 63: Critique one sourced dialogue. Objective: examine serial verbs and aspect marking through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 8. Oral culture and literary documentation (lessons 64–72)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: proverbs, questions and speech registers. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 64: Identify narrative genres. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 65: Compare original-language literary works. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 66: Describe historical printing and education. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 67: Research poetry or song as language evidence. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 68: Locate archival oral texts. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 69: Interpret historical source contexts. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 70: Examine community terminology. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 71: Review copyright and speaker consent. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 72: Write an annotated cultural study. Objective: examine proverbs, questions and speech registers through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 9. Comparative and corpus research (lessons 73–81)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: regional Yoruba and historical documents. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 73: Identify a documented related language. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 74: Distinguish cognates from borrowing. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 75: Review sound-correspondence evidence. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 76: Compare dialect grammar. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 77: Investigate writing-system adaptation. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 78: Build a miniature text corpus. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 79: Review competing analyses. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 80: Evaluate unreliable examples. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 81: Write a comparative research essay. Objective: examine regional Yoruba and historical documents through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Module 10. Independent verification and final dossier (lessons 82–90)

Language-specific scholarly emphasis: a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio. Students should choose a declared Yoruba reference variety and keep each linguistic claim attributable to an original source.

Lesson 82: Prepare an annotated bibliography. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 83: Compile source-graded lexical evidence. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 84: Review orthographic and tone fidelity. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 85: Produce a pronunciation analysis from permissioned audio. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 86: Investigate one authentic nominal construction. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 87: Investigate one authentic verbal construction. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 88: Develop a community-respectful teaching activity. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 89: Complete final source-integrity checklist. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

Lesson 90: Submit a full documentary language dossier. Objective: examine a tone-sensitive Yoruba evidence portfolio through an independently verifiable source, rather than by copying forms from related languages. Procedure: select a dated published grammar, wordlist, recorded text or archive catalogue relevant to Yoruba, record the speech community and spelling practice, and analyze one accurately documented point with a second comparative reference. Evidence exercise: provide an original critical paragraph, a tabulated source reference, one analytical question with justified answer and a statement of unresolved uncertainties. Quality requirement: original-language examples must be genuinely attested, not guessed from English or generated by analogy.

13. Scholarly assessment and optional study resources

Suggested future resources include permission-cleared recordings, original-language readings, source-matched bilingual vocabulary cards, phonological tables, transcript-aligned listening exercises, grammatical paradigms validated by specialists and community-aware cultural essays. Such materials are proposals and not claims that audio, video, downloadable PDF textbooks or certificates have been published. Proposed assessment weights: primary documentation and citation 25 percent; sound or script analysis 15 percent; grammar analysis from attested examples 25 percent; historical and social context 15 percent; final independent portfolio 20 percent.

14. Scholarly bibliography and source transparency

Glottolog Yoruba language record. Consult its language-specific original references and the relevant edition before extracting spoken or written examples.
WALS Yoruba grammars and bibliography. Consult its language-specific original references and the relevant edition before extracting spoken or written examples.
ASJP Yoruba source-indexed wordlists. Consult its language-specific original references and the relevant edition before extracting spoken or written examples.
Glottolog Yoruba varieties and distinct Yoruba Sign Language listing. Consult its language-specific original references and the relevant edition before extracting spoken or written examples.

Academic transparency: The linguistic codes and taxonomy are verified against scholarly catalogues. The 90 research units need further independent linguistic and proficient-speaker checking before they can be converted into a complete 90-lesson spoken-language curriculum. No source-unverified conversational paradigms have been invented.